Marketing Development Of Strategies And Plans †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Development Of Strategies And Plans. Answer: Impact of the marketing forces Marketingis a vast concept, which includes the transactions between the buyers and sellers. Both the buyers and sellers need to maintain appropriate approach towards each other for satisfying the identified goals and objectives. Consideration of the marketing legislations helps the buyers and the sellers to conduct themarketing activities in an efficient and effective manner. Typical examples in this direction are Consumer Protection Act, competitive policies among others (Armstrong et al. 2015). The first step of marketing is the development of strategies and plans. These strategies help the marketers to expose appropriate approach towards the buyers. On the contrary, this strategic vision helps the buyers to exercise their purchasing power for purchasing quality and branded products. The sellers need to provide the customers with enough opportunity to exercise their purchasing power. This is in terms of assessing their mentality towards the steps undertaken by the sellers. For this, the sellers need to possess enough financial flexibility in terms of aligning with the altering needs and preferences of the customers (Menon et al. 2015). There are certain market forces, which act as an obstacle in the attempt of the sellers in terms of reaching to the customers. Herein lays the appropriateness of the Porters Five Forces. These forces are- bargaining power of the suppliers, bargaining power of the customers, threat of substitutes, threat of new entrants and competitive rivalry. Out of these forces, three main forces are threat of substitutes, threat of new entrants and competitive rivalry, which adversely affect the efficient execution of the marketing activities. Threat of substitutes reflects the gradual emergence of the startup companies in terms of expanding the scope and arena of their business (Wagner and Eggert 2016). On the other hand, this threat acts as a compromise with the needs and demands of the customers in terms of possessing quality products. Ignorant attitude of the company and organizational personnel would add vulnerability in the market position. For averting these instances, the personnel need to put on their thinking caps for coming out with something innovative. However, in order to bring innovation the personnel need to expose a conscious approach towards the maintenance of the originality. This consciousness would prove beneficial for the personnel in terms of encountering the advent of change in the threshold of the workplace (Leonidou et al. 2017). Threat of new entrants reflects the experimentation of the startup brands in terms of achieving a better placement in the market. This experimentation is a matter of serious concern for the already established brands. Herein lays the importance of the competitive policies, which helps the personnel to indulge into fair trades and transactions with the contemporary brands. Adherence to the standards of these policies helps the buyers to avert the instances of illegal scandals. Non-compliance with the standards of the competitive policies compels the personnel to encounter instances of inflation, fluctuation in the prices of the raw materials and the other financial flexibilities (Hollensen 2015). On the other hand, the new entrants in the market possess high chances of being adulterated, which is interplay with the needs, demands and requirements of the customers. As a matter of specification, negligent attitude towards this direction is a compromise with the health needs of the customers. For averting this kind of instances, the personnel need to hire skilled, efficient and qualified experts for testing the quality of the products. Supervision of the qualification of the experts is crucial in terms of averting the adopting wrong means for degrading the original quality of the products (Grabara 2013). Competitive rivalry is the major force, which contradicts the aspect of fulfilling the specific tastes and demands of the customers. The term rivalry can be related with the aspect of the personnel to blindly run in the rat race to grabbing the hot seat. Application of rational thinking in this mentality helps the personnel to stand out of the madding crowd in terms of the achieving customer satisfaction. For this, the experts need to practice creative thinking for overpowering the contemporary brands. Herein lays the importance of training, which would enhance the skills, expertise and knowledge of the employees for carrying out the basic marketing activities in an efficient and effective manner (Baker 2014). Effective utilization of the gained training would help the employees to exercise their creative thinking. Evaluation is one of the basic recommendations in terms of mitigating the intensity of the market forces. This is because evaluation would make the personnel aware of the major drawbacks within the business activities. Maintenance of consistency in the execution of evaluation would alter the perspective of the personnel towards marketing. This consistency, in turn, would add value to the personnels individual attempt towards execution of the allocated duties and responsibility in an efficient and effective manner (Antoncic et al. 2016). A deeper insight into brands and products There are variations in the products and services. The ways in which these products are manufactured reflect the type and extent of the customer satisfaction, which the companies and organizations would achieve. Exposure of rational approach helps the marketers to identify the appropriate target market. This identification is an agent in terms of upgrading the standards and quality of the product. The approach towards upgradation becomes the identification of the brand. The techniques for this upgradation help the customers to identify the brand and exercise their purchasing and affordability power. In view of these aspects, products are the stepping-stones towards formation of the brands (Charter 2017). Rationality and creativity are the two important aspects in the process of identifying the target market. This is because of the components involved in market segmentation. As a matter of specification, the personnel need to consider the geographical, behavioral, psychological aspects before setting the target on a particular market segment. Along with this, there are also age specifications, which the personnel need to consider for expanding the scope and arena of their business through the sale of the manufactured products. Segmentation of the customers narrows down the vision and focus of the customers (Mason, Chakrabarti and Singh 2013). This narrowing down can be related to the short term goals, which the personnel need to set for systematizing their business activities according to their priority. For example, if a supermarket need to carry out target segmentation for the newly launched perfume, they need to conduct marketing mix. This would help them to make estimates regarding the approaches of the customers. Classification of the customers regarding the performing would be the gradual progression of the personnel towards the identification of the targets. Advertising can also be one of the efficient means for placing the brand in the market (Sheth and Sisodia 2015). However, for advertising, the personnel need to ensure that the individual sentiments of the customers are preserved. Adherence and compliance to the marketing legislations would be an effective means in terms of advertising the products in a legal manner. Herein, social media is a fruitful option in terms of the advertising the products to the audience. This is because uploading the images of the newly manufactured products on the official website and the social networking sites would help the personnel to reach to a large number of customers. Within this, keeping the provision of customer generated contents would enhance the clarity of the personnel regarding the customer approaches towards the levied products. Typical examples in this direction can be selfies with the purchased products. However, the personnel need to maintain rationality in these activities for achievi ng loyalty, trust and dependence from the customers (Foxall 2014). On the contrary, if the marketing personnel misutilize the offered position, they would be compelled to encounter instances like customer turnovers, which would be an utter loss in the competitive ambience. Turning the attention towards the products, the personnel need to ensure the durability of the products. Consciousness towards the maintenance of originality reflects a long shelf life of the products. On the other hand, if continuous experiments are conducted on the products, its originality is lost, which destroys the passion of the customers to possess quality and branded products. Herein lays the appropriateness of marketing mix, which enables the marketing personnel to experiment with the newly launched products (Mason, Chakrabarti and Singh 2013). Herein lays the appropriateness of the aspect of age, which reflects the maintenance of pace by the author with the requirements of the assignment. The same needs to be the functionalities of the marketing personnel while experimenting with the products. As a matter of specification, the personnel need to bear in mind the needs, demands and requirements of the customers within the production process. Conduction of evaluation would help the personnel in this direction in terms of ensuring whether they are progressing on the right track. Consistency in the evaluation would help the personnel to upgrade the standard and quality of the products, which would create a firm and stable identity of the brand. Moreover, the attempts of the personnel need to be coming up with something innovative for achieving large-scale customer satisfaction (Sheth and Sisodia 2015). Communication is one of an efficient solution for the issues, which the personnel encounters while selling their products to the customers. Most of the transactions include verbal communication. However, written communication would act as a proof for the personnel in terms of safeguarding themselves from the unwanted illegal courtly instances (Foxall 2014). References Antoncic, B., Auer Antoncic, J. and Aaltonen, H.M., 2016. Marketing self-efficacy and firm creation.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,23(1), pp.90-104. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Baker, M.J., 2014.Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Charter, M. ed., 2017.Greener marketing: A responsible approach to business. Routledge. Foxall, G., 2014.Strategic Marketing Management (RLE Marketing)(Vol. 3). Routledge. Grabara, J., 2013. Employers expectations towards the employees from the marketing and management department.Polish Journal of Management Studies,7, pp.58-70. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Leonidou, L.C., Katsikeas, C.S., Samiee, S. and Aykol, B. eds., 2017.Advances in Global Marketing: A Research Anthology. Springer. Mason, K., Chakrabarti, R. and Singh, R., 2013. Markets and marketing at the bottom of the pyramid.Marketing Theory,13(3), pp.405-407. Menon, A., Bharadwaj, S.G., Adidam, P.T. and Edison, S.W., 2015. Effective Marketing Strategy-Making: Antecedents and Consequences. InProceedings of the 1997 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 224-224). Springer, Cham. Sheth, J.N. and Sisodia, R.S., 2015.Does marketing need reform?: Fresh perspectives on the future. Routledge. Wagner, S.M. and Eggert, A., 2016. Co-management of purchasing and marketing: Why, when and how?.Industrial Marketing Management,52, pp.27-36.

WFNX and Boston Radio Wars Essay Sample free essay sample

WFNX was started in 1983 by The Phoenix Media/Communications Group. with the purpose to appeal to the newspaper’s same audience of educated. flush. individual professionals and pupils seeking different sentiments from those offered by mainstream media. WFNX was a first mover in the â€Å"new wave† or â€Å"alternative rock† music genre – they offered something different and had a steadfast committedness to the local music scene. and rapidly became a leader in Boston’s â€Å"new music† wireless niche. As alternate stone caught on and WFNX’s rivals began to swoop on the station’s antecedently alone market positioning. their battles focused around a peculiar quandary: How could a station founded upon and recognized for remaining outside the mainstream. remain profitable and competitory in an industry driven by cut-throat selling tactics. changeless commercial demands and ever-evolving cultural tendencies? With industry consolidatio n coercing major displacements in the industry landscape. WFNX is faced with cardinal strategic determinations to recover land and remain afloat amidst ferocious competition. Through strategic hiring. increased selling attempts and merger/partnership chances. WFNX may be able to turn things around. Radio Industry Background Radio as an advertisement channel provides alone and attractive benefits. As a consequence. Stationss in metropolitan countries such as Boston complete to bring forth net incomes through advertisement gross revenues. addition evaluations and market portion. make new hearer demographics and implement selling schemes to spread out consciousness and popularity among both hearer and artist/record label mark sections. They besides face the challenges of cultural displacements. as genres move in and out of mainstream popularity. WFNX Strengths and Weaknesses in an Emerging Market WFNX had early success as first movers in an emerging market. They had a clear placement and connected with their niche audience. Although their evaluations were low. they had a loyal audience and good relationships with artists/record labels. enabling them to remain at the head of new music. They besides had low operating costs that allowed them to be profitable without being big or holding high market portion – disbursement less on staffing costs. licensing fees and marketing than their closest rivals. viz. WBCN. a ‘classic rock’ station that threatened to conflict on their district. They besides offered lower advertisement rates than their rivals. doing them attractive to advertizers looking to maximise value of their advertisement investing. A primary failing of WFNX was their limited range – they had lower signal strength than Stationss such as WBCN ( 3. 000 watts versus 50. 000+ ) . doing it hard for them to spread out their audience and market portio n. Changing Industry Structure and a Mature Market As alternate stone gained popularity in the mainstream. and rivals such as WBCN moved to derive a bridgehead in the genre. WFNX faced high menaces of new entrants. competition and replacements ( Porter’s 5 Forces theoretical account ) . and a displacement toward industry consolidation in the late ninetiess besides brought new challenges and competition for WFNX in a more mature market. For illustration. rival WBCN had more range and purchase and invested to a great extent in on-air personality and selling in order to outpace WFNX – finally traveling to an wholly alternate stone format and achieving the desired topographic point in Monitor as Boston’s functionary elevation stone station. WFNX struggled to go on to pull sets for their shows. as hot creative persons flocked to Stationss with more influence and signal strength such as WBCN. taking to strained relationships with some labels and less entree to the new music mercantile establishments. Additionally. afte r losing their plan manager in 1995 the station suffered from a deficiency of leading for several old ages. taking to high turnover and ill-defined strategic way. Ill received marketing efforts such as the ‘Radio Anarchy’ run increased impetus amongst their already dwindling audience and led to a steady bead in evaluations and net incomes. Strategic Options and Recommendations WFNX needed a displacement in scheme to rapidly bring forth gross and neutralize menaces. They began altering their plan format to include more top hits and popular music. but risked losing their placement and abandoning their nucleus values by making so. which could take to farther beads in evaluations for those hearers who value their strong anti-mainstream placement. They retained good callback and acknowledgment in the market. but had lost popularity to rivals. The station identified several schemes that leveraged chances to assist them recover fight and turn its market portion. While all strategic options suggested could be successful. a cardinal following measure for the station is to prioritise their enterprises and develop a timeline for execution. The station should concentrate foremost on those schemes that will instantly bring forth gross to assist prolong them in the short-run. Hiring is one country that should be a precedence enterprise – hiring and developing a c ompetent gross revenues staff to convey in new gross. happening on-air personality that can vie with WBCN’s popular Howard Stern show. every bit good as spread outing their classs of advertisement to bring forth new gross watercourses. In order to place the station for long-run success and sustainability though. WFNX should set accent on originating strategic partnerships. A recent displacement taking to a bigger market country ( including Worcester. MA and parts of New Hampshire ) provides an chance for a selling partnership or acquisition. which would increase range and broadcast power. Similarly. they should set precedence on leveraging parent company The Phoenix to maximise the impact of their selling scheme and addition synergisms between the newspaper and wireless. These schemes seem critical if WFNX hopes to take back market portion and create sustainable presence in the long-run. Last. it would be wise for the station to put in market research and to go on to distinguish themselves through strong placement and reinforced values. but these enterprises may be better suited for future execution. since the station’s placement and connexion with/loyalty from their bing audience has historically been one o f the station’s strengths. ( See optional Appendix Angstrom with full SWOT Analysis for support ) Appendix A: WFNX SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS†¢ Clear placement in the market – When asked. the station was easy recalled and recognized for their alternate music genre. despite lower evaluations than rivals. †¢ Original â€Å"founder† of alternate music – Widely recognized as the leader in their infinite. awarded â€Å"Alternative Station of the Year† by several trade magazines. and accredited by music industry critics. Known for being closest to the â€Å"street† . WFNX claimed to be a niche-marketed station that did non want to hold the mass popularity and ensuing market portion of more mainstream Stationss like WBCN. †¢ Low runing costs – The biggest costs for a typical wireless station included staffing costs. licensing fees and selling investing. WFNX spent significantly less on staffing and marketing than many of their rivals. enabling them to be profitable early on without being big or holding high market portion ( WBCN charged 2x more on personality and staffing costs ) . †¢ Attractive ( low ) advertisement rates – WFNX’s biggest rival. WBCN charged 3-6 times more for premier clip publicizing musca volitanss. | WEAKNESSES†¢ Low market portion and inconsistent evaluations – WFNX historically had low evaluations. attributed mostly to little signal ( 3. 000 watts versus 50. 000 Watts of rivals ) . but made some betterments – other possible accounts were deficiency of selling or content that was excessively â€Å"weird† for the general population’s gustatory sensation. †¢ Lack of popularity and purchase – WBCN caused moving ridges for WFNX when they registered with Monitor as an alternate station. knocking WFNX from the listed alternate station in Boston. As more Stationss switched formats. became harder for them to pull sets for their shows. as the hottest sets flocked to Stationss like WBCN with more powerful influence and signal. Besides led to strained relationships between WFNX and some labels. because the station refused to play sets that they deemed non genuinely â€Å"alternative† or as retaliation for being left off concert engagements. †¢ Poor leading and high turnover – In 1995. WFNX plan manager left and station was unsuccessful in replacing him. Besides lost some of their DJs. and in 1996 launched the â€Å"Radio Anarchy† run to raise consciousness and distinguish WFNX from other Stationss amidst their drifting audience. Unfortunately. got negative feedback and finally puttered out easy. Third PD i n three old ages resigned shortly after the run was shut down. Lacked way. steady bead in evaluations. staff turnover increasing ( 100 % gross revenues staff turnover in 1996 and 75 % in 1997 ) – staying staff worried were losing everything good about the station. | OPPORTUNITIES†¢ Bigger geographic market – ( including Worcester. Mass and New Hampshire ) means increased range through more wattage/broadcast power or strategic merger/partnership with other Stationss – ideally in Worcester. †¢ Invest in transcribers for increased reach†¢ Reinforce placement – Continue to distinguish through positioning to retain loyal hearers and pull new audiences who are tired of the bogus â€Å"alternative† stations†¢ Market research – Competitors presently puting in more market research to remain in touch with hearers and understand what they want to hear. †¢ Leverage parent company range and influence – The Phoenix Media/Communications Group reaches more people overall than any of the n ational wireless groups in Boston. See synergisms between companies and capitalise on strengths. | THREATS †¢ Industry consolidation/Changing landscape – Industry consolidation started taking topographic point in 1997. which posed important menace to independent Stationss like WFNX because big Stationss were able to offer discounted advertisement rates for all their Stationss. doing advertizers to overlook market chances and benefits from other Stationss. †¢ Rolling from nucleus values – WFNX started playing more hits and less new music. but insisted they were non rolling from their nucleus values. By altering their music to pacify ratings/market portion. WFNX risked moving in direct struggle with their nucleus values and market positioning – by concentrating on commercial success they risk estranging their audience who widely resisted all things mainstream and commercial. †¢ Threat of new entrants and challengers – As the option sound grew more popular. WFNX faced menaces from assorted rival Stationss looking to traverse over. WBCN started presenting more â€Å"alternative† music into its format shortly after the Green Day concert incident. They admitted that album-oriented stone was dead. and were ready to acquire on board the new moving ridge tendency. Several old ages subsequently. WBCN along with Stationss like WAAF and WCGY – all traditional stone Stationss – appeared to see exchanging to an wholly alternate format. but for the most portion found it non economically feasible or stable. In the terminal. it was WBCN who made the switch. after parent company Infinity purchased a authoritative stone station that would pacify their bing audience demographics. and let them to broaden and derive more grip with the younger. more â€Å"hip† audience. †¢ Loss of advertisement gross – Threat of ordinances on intoxicant advertisement

Question Drama reflects real life on stage Essays - Fiction, Film

Question: Drama reflects real life on stage Text: The Twelve Angry Men Drama has been used to reflect real life experiences and issues on stage. This is exemplified in Reginald Rose's play "Twelve Angry Men" which depicts the different types of prejudice within the American subconscious symbolized through 12 jurors who must make a judgment on a boy accused of murder. The anonymity of characters in the play generalises the American population, based on the Juror's personality, dramatically reflecting the common mentalities of Americans during the 1950's. Rose cleverly uses Juror 8 to persuade the rest of the Jury that the boy is not guilty beyond reasonable doubt, whilst simultaneously convincing the audience as well. Rose's diligently concocted characterizations of jurors allows us to understand the significance of the drama, which accurately reflects real life on stage. The dramatization of prejudice in the play "Twelve Angry Men", is demonstrated as interference in the course of justice. This is highlighted in the introduction where all jurors enter the jury room with preconceived notions, ready to convict the defendant due to his social status rather than evaluating the evidence presented itself. The 4th Juror's stereotypical statement, "slums are breeding grounds for criminals," may be statistically justified, however, this is not actual proof that the suspect is guilty, demonstrating the capability for prejudice to cloud judgement. Rose also portrays personal prejudice as impacting on an individual's judgements, which is exemplified through Juror 3's personal bias towards his own son who left him. This transforms into a generalised prejudice against the younger population, thus creating tension. The 8th Juror's statement, "prejudice obscures the truth," suggests that that he is aware of the impact of prejudice on logic, and hence a fair verdict to bring justice. This problem is used to dramatically reflect the issue prejudice, distrust and depression within the American population during the Cold War. The unusual anonymity of the characters dramatically allows the audience to judge characters for who they really are and reflect their personality to real life people. Rose removes any detailed plot descriptions, names or specifics in the play. Jurors are simply referred to as a number, the defendant as the accused' and even the witness as the old man', illustrating that the function of the jury is more important than the details of their identity. This anonymity of characters allows Rose to break them up into less specific individuals that symbolises a cross section of the American population, as each Juror has a different perspective and looks at the evidence from different angles. As the play develops, we are immediately able to make some conclusions on characters based on the information provided. The anonymity of the play hence dramatically reflects American society, and due to no specifics of characters we are forced to make similar substitutions based on personal experien ce. During the play we are given many different perspectives of the case, which are given to seed doubt within the audience's mind. However, these perspectives can also be obscured by personal matters that are irrelevant to the case, as the jury are not trained in legal judgement. This is exemplified in the statement by Juror 7, "This better be fast, I got tickets to a ball game tonight," which highlights his open lack of interest in the verdict of the jury. In contrast to this, Juror 8 fully focuses on the case and throughout the course of the play, aptly examines, questions and manipulates evidence and other opinions. The discomfort of the situation at the beginning of the play is illustrated through the pathetic fallacy of the hot and sticky atmosphere, but this also portrays the depressing atmosphere surround the time in the 1950's. However, this weather soon changes into a storm, reflecting the tension and conflicting moods within the jury room. Juror 8 finally succeeds in pe rsuading the rest of the jury, thus successfully changing the audience's mind as well. The play concludes with the defeat of prejudice and irrationality through justice, however the accuracy of the final verdict is not demonstrated by Rose. This doubt at the conclusion of the play plagues the psychologies of the audience due to the ambivalence of whether they were right' in

Different Strokes for Different Folks essays

Different Strokes for Different Folks essays Different Strokes for Different Folks New England and the Chesapeake region were settled chiefly by Englishmen, yet the two regions could not have turned out any different. Virginia and surrounding colonies had it rough in settling the territories, bringing primarily men of a mature age. New Englanders were in search of a new home and brought families, women, and children with them. They also had fewer conflicts and signed plenty of documents dedicated to peace and prosperity, as opposed to their neighbors to the south. The similarities dont end here, however, they only multiply. The Chesapeake Bay area was settled with the understanding that it would not be an easy task. Men were a majority on the ships and women and children were few and far between. Slaves were also on board because everyone headed this way needed labor to seek their fortune. Few were interested in raising a family, rather search for gold, or gain vast amounts of land to grow multitudes of crops. These individuals found many hardships when they came ashore. In one account, half of the villagers died over the first winter. Also, there were ample fights between the colonists and locals. Fights, quarrels, and other such benevolence could have been from the large quantities of prisoners sent there to empty the English prisons. This is all a huge leap from the way of life that the northern colonies established. New Englanders came for reason completely different than those of the Chesapeake region. Northerners had intentions of starting a family, seeking religious freedom, and simply starting over. Some were persecuted in their homelands, and believed they were chosen by god to live in the New World. These people were also very humble people. They respected the local Indians and sought their help in living off the land. Some even paid them for the land they settled on. Along with their hospitality came their sense of politics. Many docu...

A past future city vision, explaning what the main ideas were and Essay

A past future city vision, explaning what the main ideas were and commenting on the possible sucess it may or may not have had as a sustainable - Essay Example d and therefore it is not surprising that a common theme in the visions of future is addressing the challenges of growth and development of cities, without endangering the surrounding environment and employing sustainable natural resources. Built into these visions were attempts to address the issues of production of resources, its consumptions, and the threat of rising sea levels due to global warming (Ng, 2008). The vision for Washington D.C. includes the use of the military forts surrounding the city that defended it in the past to bring life to the city in the future. Sinuous towers are envisaged on these forts to enable harvesting of wind, solar energy and rainwater and the production of food through the use of hydrophonic farms. Food supply will be further augmented through communal farming on the greenway that will be created in the present avenues of the city (Ng, 2008). Addressing transportation requirements in a unique way is seen in the vision for San Francisco, based on the use of Hydro-net consisting of walls made of carbon nanotubes. The underground Hydro-net is a network that transports individuals, vehicles, water and energy in the city. The Hydro-net also acts as a resource production system with hydrogen-producing algae farms, fog catchers to collect air moisture, and water extractors to collect fresh water from an aquifer below the city (Ng, 2008). For Atlanta the vision includes the reintroduction of treated water from the old sewage system around the ground to produce a natural waterway that flows through city. The surrounding forests would be allowed to creep into the city reducing the city grid and creating new hybrid environments. The idea here is to restore the natural systems to offset the burden of the man-made infrastructure of the city (Ng, 2008). While such a competition may result in what may appear as far fetched solutions for the development, they do provide ideas and solutions for the man made problems in the cities. An example

The constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The constitution - Essay Example fectual in running a national government, so a combination of factors further pointed to the need of a stronger government than the articles of confederation provided. Congress could not provide protection for local industries because it did not have the powers, and so America’s manufacturing had failed to grow. Settlers in the west demanded a more aggressive policy on land cessions and wanted more to be done to protect them from Indian attacks2. Merchants wanted a government that could get them advantageous trade agreements abroad. While changing the Articles was not viewed as urgent among the southern and Mid-Atlantic States, their leaders too appreciated that free navigation of the Mississippi River and a solution of the dispute with Spain needed a response from a stronger government. Before the new constitution, only white males who owned property were allowed to vote. The new constitution, however, would allow all citizens to vote. It was also going to abolish slavery, meaning the propertied white would have to find an alternative source of labor3. The preamble of the federal constitution has the words ‘we the people’. These words can be interpreted to be meaning all the citizens of America. This is not true though, what it actually meant is that it excluded slaves, poor white males, women and Native Americans. These groups of people were not allowed to vote, for example. It denied congress the power to abolish the slave trade before 1808. It also required that fugitive slaves should be returned to their masters. The unrepresented groups in the American constitution include the Hawaiians, the Indians and many other ethnic minorities living widely as small minorities. A constitutional republic meant that whereas other people enjoyed the privileges brought about by the new constitution, the unrepresented did not since they were not properly recognized by the constitution. For example, the unrepresented people lost the right of suffrage. Though they

Report on Ethical Decision-Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report on Ethical Decision-Making - Essay Example Critics point to â€Å"Big Pharma† manipulating research in order to increase their profit margins. These are all very important and major contemporary issues that must be addressed when we look at a topic as broad and profound as pharmaceuticals and pharmacology. Questions I asked myself included: Do pharmaceutical companies have duties and obligations to society? Is pharmacological care a right rather than a service to be sold on the market place? These are obviously very emotionally engaging questions because they involve life and death. It was very hard for me to come to a conclusion about them. The best illustration of this ethical dilemma.is the question of HIV/AIDS in Africa. Do American drug companies have the responsibility to provide very cheap drugs to people in Africa who are infected. If the drugs were given to someone for free they might live longer—but since they don’t have money they certainly will die. I wrestled with this one long and hard. This aspect of the debate really illustrates the idea of a social obligation to people above and beyond the notion of a profit margin. Critics of course will say that if drugs were given away for free there would be no money for research and so more people would die because there would be no drugs for their disease. This too would be a serious problem. In the end I decided that it was right for pharmaceutical companies to advertise and sell their products for a profit. It took a lot of time and consideration for me to reach this conclusion. As of 2008, the United States is the world leader in medical research, especially in pharmaceutical development. American companies create most of the world’s most innovative drugs and the FDA stamp of approval is sought by drug makers worldwide because this organization is so respected. This is an interesting point and one that may contradict in some sense the idea of Big Pharma having a social contract. The only developed