Two State Comparison Finance of Higher Education Research Paper

Two State Comparison Finance of Higher Education - Research Paper Example Around 66% of states dispense assets for training typically involving from 10 to 12 percent of the state spending plan (NCSL 2010). In this work, I looked at the Arkansas and Tennessee in their financing of advanced education for potential exercises. Recipe for state backing to advanced education. As per ADHE (2010, p. 3), A.C.A â€Å"establishes the procedure and key segments for equation improvement for subsidizing open foundations of higher education† that the State of Arkansas received. In light of ADHE (2010, p. 3), the substance of the recipe is the standard of giving â€Å"fair and impartial state backing to all postsecondary understudies over the state, paying little heed to the state foundation attended† while perceiving level prerequisites, gear needs, interesting missions, development, economies of scale, and different variables. Conversely, contrasted with Arkansas’ value based recipe, the equation received by the State of Tennessee for financing adva nced education is result and execution based. The TSBE (2011, p. 4) called attention to this plainly when it underlined a â€Å"productivity and productivity through a results based subsidizing formula† for advanced education. The TSBE (2011 p. 5) announced that the results based subsidizing was endorsed for execution since AY 2011-12 while the presentation financing standard was affirmed for usage since AY 2010-11. Institutional victors. ... Assessing Tennessee’s advancement on execution or result based for advanced education, be that as it may, might be too soon on the grounds that Tennessee has quite recently started their new arrangement. In the event that results and execution relate with the salary class of the understudy populace, the feasible victors in Tennessee will be the organizations taking into account understudies from the rich. Conditions related with state support for advanced education. It follows from our conversation that the condition that ought to be related for the state’s proceeding with help for advanced education in Arkansas is that instruction ought to be stretched out particularly to those impeded by family pay. In any case, there is no information accessible in the archives assessed by this work recommending that such a condition was forced on the schools getting state support in Arkansas. It additionally follows that the condition that ought to be related for the state’s proceeding with help for advanced education in Tennessee is improvement in instructive execution. Notwithstanding, like Arkansas, there is no information accessible in the archives inspected by this work such a condition was forced in the schools for advanced education in Tennessee. Pattern on state support for advanced education over the most recent five years. As indicated by the CSEP (2009c), the ten-year spending change in the allocation of state charge assets for the working financial plan of advanced education in Arkansas has been a positive 54.3%; the two-year change was 9.3%; the five-year change was 28.6% in spite of the fact that the one year change was a negative 0.4%. Allowed the two-year change in state spending for advanced education at 9.3%, the rate change for Arkansas State spending for junior college spending rose by just 9.0% somewhere in the range of 2007 and 2009 (CESP 2009c). By the by, in light of

We do not have a language to represent female killing Essay

We don't have a language to speak to female murdering - Essay Example Ladies animosity and savagery isn't endured in numerous social orders as it goes astray from the womanhood. Much generalizing emerges with the ladies viciousness and murdering cases and media has exploited the cases to report what isn't. Contribution of ladies in savagery is related with lesbianism which is supposed to be change towards manliness making ladies increasingly like men and can do anything men can. Ladies viciousness and guiltiness is one of a kind and unnatural under the normal womanhood and is related with change towards manliness and pulls in much media consideration, which may have an effect in the legal procedure which appears to be one-sided against ladies. The Changing Trends Ladies association in crimes, brutality and in any event, murdering has consistently stayed a creative mind however it appears it has gone to be a reality. In the twentieth century, a few cases including ladies hostility and brutality were accounted for and remembered the Papin Sisters for 1933, Aileen Wurworns in 1989-1990, Stacey Wigginton in 1989 and Sanna Sillanp㠤ã ¤ in 1999 were accounted for. In every one of these cases, ladies were engaged with brutality which prompted demise of certain individuals. It is intriguing that men were the greater part casualties in every one of these cases. The general public takes the instance of ladies murdering distinctively contrasted with the cases including men. Berrington and Honkatukia (2002) affirm that ladies contribution in wrongdoing is remarkable and unnatural. In a meeting, Dr Lizzie Seal, the writer of the book Women, Murder and Femininity affirms that ladies who execute are not regular ladies and they can be called bombed ladies in the general public. She proceeds to clarify that ladies are supporting and delicate in nature. All things considered, a lady murdering is in all out difference to their regular qualities (Taylor, Seal and Westmarland, 2011). The abnormality to get to that level is astonishing as indicated by the desires for ladies. In any general public whether it is in the created nation or immature, ladies are relied upon to be only ladies with all around characterized jobs. Jobs of ladies incorporate taking care of the house, dealing with kids and in particular praising the man particularly in the white working class. For this situation, ladies are parental figures and nurturers essentially as expressed previously. The customary social job of ladies put them in a circumstance in which they couldn't participate in crimes. In any case, the general public has been opening up and the jobs of ladies are transforming from the customary social and home jobs. These progressions are the reasons ladies are currently engaged with crimes as Rosenblatt and Greenland (1974) clarify. As per them, the new changes can without much of a stretch make open doors for ladies to be associated with crimes, viciousness and executing. In any case, the possibility of ladies executing has not been acknowledged by many. The vast majority in the general public continue thinking about what can move ladies to slaughter others. A few speculations have been attracted to clarify this thought. One hypothesis which is expressed in numerous books expresses that ladies can possibly execute when they have changed in their bodies. For this situation, their bodies change to resemble those of men. Men bodies are manly and their conventional jobs permit them somehow or another to murder, however it isn't permitted by law. Accordingly, a lady would need to be manly to have the option to execute. Barak, Leighton, and Flavin (2007 p.114) call attention to a ladies can execute when

Mean Season essays

Mean Season expositions Tropical storms are an ecological calamity. Individuals in typhoon inclined locales most need to know: when and where the following tropical storm will make landfall and exactly how incredible the tempests will be the point at which they do hit. For the most exact admonition potential, individuals depend on the meteorologists. Still a scarcely any persevering issues stay, similar to that forecasters can't generally foresee climate nor how much a typhoon will escalate before it hits land. That is a issue for individuals in the way of a tempest who need to know whether its enough just to nail compressed wood over the windows, or in the event that they should leave town out and out. The requirement for better typhoon estimating will turn out to be more pressing currently just as later on to come. It won't take more than a bunch of serious typhoons striking area on the swarmed and thickly created U.S. East Coast to cause harm during the many billions of dollars. Forecasters depend on patterns in the worldwide atmosphere that concur with the high points and low points of Atlantic tropical storm movement. One indicator, the warming of the central Pacific, upsets climate across a significant part of the globe. Moves in air course disturb the vertical dissemination in Tropical tempests, which keep them from developing into typhoons. Researchers are certain that Atlantic tropical storms amass over Africa. The crash of hot, dry air over the Sahara Desert, including warm, soggy air from the central wilderness will conceive an offspring. The crash will cause unsettling influences in the climate called Hurricane Seedlings. Each season there is around 60 seedlings passed up the exchange winds. From the outset, Seedlings are just groups of rainstorms, however in a normal year, nine will develop into named tropical storms and around six become typhoons. On their way over the sea, seedlings feed on the warmth in warm ... <!

Using xat Essay Topics List

Using xat Essay Topics ListA xat essay topics list will help you choose what to focus on for your paper. A list of topics for a xat essay will be used by your teacher or advisor to guide you through the paper.A good xat essay topics list will help you focus on the things that matter most to your essay. Your topics should include what you want to say about your own interests and experiences. The topics are listed in the order that you would like them to appear in your paper.You can choose a variety of xat essay topics. Some examples are:How would you feel if someone asked you, 'What is your background information?' What would you answer? What would you tell the class? Many students ask themselves this question because they want to give their best answer, especially in class discussions.Think about the number of ideas you have to offer to your classmates. How do you think these ideas will fit into the discussion area?The easiest way to think about it is to think about what you know abo ut yourself and how you would like to present the ideas you have to your classmates. Using an an essay topics list will help you think through some questions you may not have thought about.If you use a xat essay topics list, you will be better prepared to teach your students. When using an an essay topics list, your goal is to provide an excellent study guide. You want to make sure that you are fully prepared to help your students prepare for their final exam.

Brand Name - Definition, Examples, and Discussion

A brand name or trade name is a  name (usually a proper noun) applied by a manufacturer or organization to a particular product or service. While a brand name is sometimes simply the name of the founders of a company, such as John Deere or Johnson Johnson (founded by brothers Robert Wood, James Wood,  and Edward Mead  Johnson), these days, brand names are most often strategically thought-out marketing tools geared toward establishing consumer awareness and fostering brand loyalty. What is the Purpose of a Brand Name? In its simplest form, a brand name is a form of a signature that gives credit to the creator of a particular work or service and sets it apart from those created by others. Two of the main purposes of brand names are: Identification: To differentiate a particular product or service from other like or similar brands.Verification: To authenticate that a product or service is the genuine or desired article (as opposed to a generic or knock-off). Its the same principle as artists signing their paintings, journalists getting a byline, or designers attaching a brand logo. A brand name is what consumers use to identify the provenance and authenticity of the things they consume—be it a work of art, a film franchise, a TV show, or a cheeseburger. Fast Facts About Brand Names Brand names are usually capitalized, although in recent years bicapitalized names (such as eBay and iPod) have become increasingly popular.  A brand name may be used and protected as a trademark. In writing, however, its not  usually necessary to identify trademarks with the notations â„ ¢ or  ®. The History of Brand Naming The practice of brand naming is nothing new. Exekias, an Athenian potter working in  ancient Greece circa 545 to 530  BCE, actually signed one of his vases: â€Å"Exekias made and painted me.† As early as the 1200s, Italian tradesmen were creating watermarked paper to differentiate one maker from another. During the Second Industrial Revolution, when a mans good name was often synonymous with his reputation (and all that reputation implied: integrity, ingenuity, trustworthiness), companies started branding themselves with the names of their powerful owners. Examples of this trend are the Singer Sewing Machine Company, the Fuller Brush Company, and Hoover vacuum cleaners—all of which are still in use (even if the original company has been sold or absorbed into a larger corporation). Modern branding as we know it employs sophisticated focus groups combined with data from detailed linguistic and psychological analysis to come up with brand names that are meant to instill confidence and induce the public to buy. These targeted practices started just after the Second World War when a booming consumer market created a proliferation of new products from competing companies and made finding unique, memorable names a necessity. Types of Brand Names While some brands are still named for the people behind a product or service, others are created to give consumers a specific idea of what something is or how they might expect it to perform. For example, while Shell Oil has nothing to do with mollusks, a consumer who buys Hefty trashbags infers from the name they are getting a product that will be strong enough to do its intended job. Likewise, when consumers purchase Mr. Clean, they know the purpose of the product is to eliminate dirt, or when they shop at Whole Foods, they have the expectation that the products theyre buying will be healthier and more eco-friendly than those theyd find at grocery chains or box stores. Other brand names do not identify a specific quality, but rather, evoke a concept or a feeling. Such names have a symbolic rather than literal meaning. For example, Apple computers dont grow on trees and you cant eat them, and yet the name plays perfectly into the mental associations people make with apples. While Apple founder Steve Jobs didnt go the focus-group route when naming the company (he told his biographer that he was on one of his fruitarian diets, had recently visited  an apple  farm, and thought the  name  sounded â€Å"fun, spirited and not intimidating†), apples evoke connections as basic as simplicity and being good for you to more esoteric concepts, such the innovative scientific advances made by Sir Isaac Newton in his experiments with the laws of gravity. The Evolution of Brand Names in Language Two of the more interesting ways in which brand names make the transition from names that simply represent a company to becoming integrated into a language in a broader context have to do with their purpose and popularity. In the facet of grammar known as open class words, language is constantly evolving as words are added or altered. The function of words, including brand names, can change over time. For example, Google in addition to being a search engine (a noun), is also a word thats come to mean what people do while on that site, i.e, search (a verb): Ill Google it; He Googled it; Im Googling it now. Other brand names have such strong consumer identification that they eventually supplant the goods or services they are identified with. When a brand name is in such common usage that it becomes generic, its known as a  proprietary eponym or  generic trademark.   Two examples of this phenomenon are Kleenex and Q-Tips. When the majority of American consumers sneeze, they ask for a Kleenex, not a tissue; when they clean their ears, they want a Q-Tip, not a cotton swab. Other generic trademarks are Band-Aids, ChapStick, Roto-Rooter, and Velcro. Jacuzzi is a commercial brand, hot tub is the generic term; i.e., all Jacuzzis are hot tubs, but not all hot tubs are Jacuzzis.—Jim Parsons as Sheldon Cooper in The Big Bang Theory And finally, some brand names dont really mean anything at all. Kodak Camera Company founder George Eastman simply made up something he liked the sound of: A trademark should be short, vigorous, incapable of being misspelled,† Eastman famously explained. The letter K had been a favorite of mine. It seems a strong, incisive sort of letter. It became a question of trying out a great number of combinations of letters that made words starting and ending with K. Sources Micael Dahlà ©n, Micael; Lange, Fredrik; Smith, Terry. Marketing Communications: A Brand Narrative Approach. Wiley, 2010Colapinto, John. Famous Names. The New Yorker. October 3, 2011Elliott, Stuart. The Verb Treatment for an Investment House. The New York Times. March 14, 2010Rivkin, Steve. How Did Apple Computer Get its Name? Branding Strategy Insider. November 17, 2011Gordon, Whitson. How a Brand Name Becomes Generic: Pass the Kleenex, Please. The New York Times. June 24, 2019

A New Superintendent Of An Urban School District Essay

1. Issue A new superintendent in an urban school district believes educators are trained to run schools and should do so with the least amount of interference possible. For this reason, an ethical crisis arises when the district decides whether or not to close a local high school. While public relations officers want district administration to be as transparent as possible to remain honest and open, the superintendent and other schoolboard members want to hold meetings with no media present. This facts of this case will become clear through explication. 2. Relevant Facts: This scenario takes place in a school district with 40 schools and 35,000 students. Its superintendent accepted a state-level position and was subsequently replaced. As families move to the suburbs, the district financially struggles to keep all four of its high schools open and considers closing one. The schoolboard approached the idea previously but faced backlash. Thus, administrators now try to resolve the problem behind closed doors. The superintendent and the schoolboard’s members has held more than one meeting about closing the school without media or members of the public present. During one of these meetings, the superintendent stated, â€Å"If any reporters show up, I will change the subject.† Although a public relations officer was appalled, at this point he said nothing. Nevertheless, shortly after the meeting, some high schools principals began to spread news, and the administration respondedShow MoreRelatedRole Of The 21st Century Public School Superintendent4547 Words   |  19 Pagespublic image for the corporation. The role of the 21st century public school Superintendent often mirrors that of a corporate CEO. The superintendent is responsible for a multi-million-dollar budget, the management of a large employee pool, and the expectations for high stakes profits are in the form of standardized assessment scores. 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Manageemnt Accouting The Knowledge Society

Question: Indicate the main purposes of management accounting and its relevance to the management of organisations. Evaluate the main cost structures of organisations and methods of their calculation. Determine appropriate methods of calculating break-even, profitability and capital input costs. Answer: Introduction The businesses are growing up now days without having any geographical limitation and hence the number of the transaction and its complexity has been increased. In such a competitive environment it is very necessary that the management of the company can access the relevant data for different type of requirement at single request. Such real time access of information can help the management to take the informed decision in day to day business and also for taking some strategic decision. The below reports analyze the importance of the management accounting in VPM Fertilizer Inc , operating in manufacturing of Organic and inorganic chemical manufacturing. The management accounting helps to analyze data in a user requirement format and helps to control cost and management processes. Management Accounting Impotence and relevance It is to be noted that every organization record the transaction on regular basis of its economic transaction. However, it is very necessary that such data are presented and prepared in such a manner that helps the decision taker for taking informed decision. Management accounting helps in generating the periodic reports to different users as per their requirement based on the financial data inputted as source. Such reports can be daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly or yearly. If we take example for the VMP Fertilizer Inc, the management accounting helps to generate reports for input output ratio for each batches processed for manufacturing of Calcium Nitrate chemical. Such reports are delivered to the Process manager after completion of each batch and are compared with standard input output ratio determines by the management. Same help to report any deviation in the input-output ratio. Following are the major benefit of the management accounting The data are kept in organized manner with real time access It helps the manager to take the timely and informed decision The decision taken on such data are generally accepted by the management The organization can have standard date across the department Helps inn controlling the cost by comparing the actual result by management report Vs. the budget expectation Also one need to note that there is a difference between the Management Accounting and Financial accounting which is sated below Management accountings main purpose is to support as a tool to take the informed decision within the organization , on other hand financial accountings main purpose is to report the end result for particular period The Management Accounting is generally implemented for the benefit within the organization and for management purpose , however the users of the financial data are both within the organization and outside the organization like stakeholders The reporting in the Management accounting are customized according to the management requires and hence it is flexible , on the other hand financial accounting reports are generally governed by the status or reporting laws, IFRS or GAAP Management accounting takes into consideration both past data as well as the future projection based on past data ,in the Financial accounting it represent only past data The Management accounting have varied type of users and hence each report have different format and different users , on the other hand the financial accounting reports remains uniform irrespective of the fact that I can have different users. (Fse.tibiscus, 2016), (Megha M, n.d.) In such competitive environment control over the cost is very necessary. The cost can be classified as Relevant cost, Behavior cost and function based cost. The discussion cost based on relevance Opportunity cost Opportunity cost is defined as cost arises due to not accepting second best alternative for decision making. The opportunity cost is very much important particularly in Capital Budgeting decision. For a example If the VMP Fertilizer Inc invest 1, 00,000 Pound in this business and the interest rate for deposited in banks is 4% , The interest revenue that can be arose by investing in 1,00,000 in bank can be consider as cost only. The cost is not actual cost but is very relevant for raking the investment decision. (Putra D.2016) Suck Cost Such cost is nothing but the cost which is incurred and on which the company does not have any control over it. Such cost is not relevant for taking any future investment decision. For an example the Pressure Vessel purchased by the VMP Fertilizer Inc as a fixed asset is consider as sunk cost only Differential Cost Differential cost is nothing but the difference of cost between two available courses of alternatives. It is to be noted that each alternative has different cost which can be low or high as compared to other alternative. Differential cost helps in considering the exact difference in cost that arises due to selection of particular alternative. For an example if the VMP Fertilizer wants to replace the existing pressure Vessel Machine than it will save the 1000 Pound of maintenance every year. Such saving of cost can be considered as incremental cost for opting exiting machine only. (Putra D.2016) Discussion of cost based on Behavior The cost can fix Variable or Semi variable Fixed costs are those cost which does not change according to change in level of activity. Such fixed cost is bound to be incurred whether any activity carried on by the business or no. For an example the Rent expense for Shed which is abide by the rent agreement for next 5 years. Such rent expense is considered as fixed cost. On other hand variable cost are those cost which varies with the change in level of activity, variable cost are very important to take any business decision. Variable cost does not incur, if the activity level of particular cost driver is zero. For an example the Raw material cost for manufacturing of the Calcium Carbonate can be consider as variable cost for the VMP Fertilizers Inc . As far as Semi variable cost is concern they are of mixed behavior. Such cost is remains fixed for certain level of activity, after that again same cost needs to be incurred to support the activity. For as example the Moulds purchased to preserve the chemical, need to be replaced after certain period of consumption as per user guidelines, such cost of consumables can be consider as a variable cost Classification of the cost by function The cost also can be classified based on the function. The product cost and period cost are the major cost based on functionality. Period cost Period cost is those cost which are incurred other than for manufacturing activity. The cost incurred to promote the product (Marketing cost), the cost of administration. Such cost are generally in nature of Overheads and not traceable for particular product among many. (Swanson L, n.d) Product cost Product costs are those cost which are incurred in the manufacturing of the product. Such cost can either be fixed or variable or Semi variable. The Direct Material cost, Direct Labor cost and manufacturing Overheads are the major product cost. Variance Analysis Variance analysis helps in comparing the actual results of the organization as against the budgeted activity. The variance analysis is considered as one of the major tool to charge control over cost and to take the appropriate action if result out below expected performance. Also it helps in identifying areas that play major roles for non achievement of the targeted profit. There are different types of variance which are discussed as below: Profit Variance The profit variance is nothing but the variance arises in the targeted profit. Such variance can be derived by comparing actual profit against the targeted profit. Sales Variance The Sales variance helps in identifying the variance in profit that arises due to variance in the sales. Such variance can be either due to variance in volume or sales price of the product Price variance = (Actual unit price x Actual Units sold) (Standard Unit price x Actual Units sold) The above formula helps in identifying the variation in the profit due to variation in the sales price of the Unit. The favorable outcome indicates that the organization has sold the unit above the targeted selling price. On the other hand the negative outcomes indicate that organization has gone for lower price. (Accounting-simplified.com, n.d) Volume variance = (Actual Unit Sold Standard Profit) (Budgeted Units Sold x Standard Profit) The above variance helps in identifying the variance of profit arises due to the variance in the targeted sale volume. The favorable result indicates that the company has sold unit above the target and vice versa. Material Variance It is to be noted that for any organization material cost is one of the major cost of total production cost and hence the strong control over it necessary which can be derived by variance analysis only. (Accounting-simplified.com, n.d) Material Price Variance = (Actual Price x Actual Quantity) (Standard Price Actual Quantity) The material price variances help in identifying the variance in the cost that arises due to variance in the price of purchasing the raw material. The Favorable result indicates that that the purchase manager has purchased the material below the target price and negative result indicates that manager has purchased material above the targeted purchase price. Material Usage Variance = (Actual quantity Standard price) (Standard Quantity x Standard price) The material usage variance helps in identifying the variance in the material cost that arises die to variance in the consumption unit of raw material for particular product. If the outcome is favorable that I indicate that the material is used efficiently and if negative result comes than it indicates that the process manager has failed to control the input output ration against the standard ratio compared by the organization. (Accounting-simplified.com, n.d) Labor Variance The Labor cost is second most importance element of cost for manufacturing unit and hence it is very necessary that the actual cost is compared, analyzed and reported against the targeted the Labor cost. Rate Variance = (Actual Rate x Actual Hours) (Standard Rate x Actual Hours) It is to be noted that one of the reason for variance is labor cost is the variance in the labor rate against the targeted pay rate. The favorable result indicates that the rate has been paid lower against the targeted rate pay. In case of negative result, it can be said that the payment to labors are made higher than expected. Labour Efficiency Variance = (Actual hours x Standard Rate) (Standard hours x Standard Rate) The above variances help in identifying the variance in the labor cost due to variance in the targeted efficiency of the labor. If the outcome of the above formula is positive, It indicates that the labors have worked above the targeted efficiency level and vice versa. Overhead variance This variance helps in identifying the variance between the standard overhead as against the actual overhead expense. It helps in controlling and analyzing the operational efficiency and capacity utilization efficiency. Limitations The technique of variance analysis has certain limitation which is as follow: The variance analysis can efficiently be uses in manufacturing industry only It is not helpful in the production foe which no benchmark of standards is available The process of setting standard may be not correct in some case, and hence the whole variance analysis can lead to wrong result The variance analysis requires the management to keep up to date data of manufacturing, which is itself a challenging task. The manager can manipulate the budget to just make their performance better there by affecting the overall efficiency. Operational Budget Operational budget is nothing but projection of various budgets for definite time of span for various department of the organization. There are different types of operational budget which are described below: Profit Budget At this level of budget all the budgeted related to sales and expenditure are got consolidated and budgeted profit figures are arrived Production Budget This budget requires projecting the number of unit that need to be produce for particular period to meet the requirement of the sales. Purchase budget This budget requires projecting the amount of raw material to be purchased to produce the targeted production unit as determined in production budget. Here sales price and quantity both are determined Cash Budget This budget requires projecting the requirement of the case for different department for particular period. Direct Labor The direct labor budget requires the projection of the number of labor hours requires for different category of labor to support the production of the targeted unit Revenue Budget The revenue budget indicates the projected sales unit and projected sales price based on the market analysis. The revenue budget become base for all above budget. Importance The budget helps the manager in tracking and monitoring the cost and revenue and thereby help in optimizing the profit It gives the benchmarks to be followed by the different department which becomes the base for motivation for the employee It fixed the accountability and responsibility on employees for the particular budget or department It helps as controlling tool against the actual performance and hence producer the base control activity Recommendation Conclusion It is to be noted that management accounting is process of reporting budget analysis, variance analysis, cost analysis and many more. However on need to know that the whole management accounting process is nothing but analysis of the data in particular manner and hence it is recommended that the reliability of the source date ensured before carrying out any management accounting reporting. The support from top management requires having a correct result of the management accounting. The management accounting should form part of strategic decision as it helps as best controlling tool for organizational performance analysis. The VMP Fertizers Inc can implement Budget reporting, Cost component reporting and variance reporting in its management system which can help them in controlling different type of activity at different level. References Fse.tibiscus, 2016. Managerial Accounting Vs Financial Accounting In The Knowledge Society [online] Available at: https://fse.tibiscus.ro/anale/Lucrari2010/067.%20Ducu%20Corina.pdf [Accessed 26 Mar. 2016]. Fabozzi, F. and Drake, P. 2009. Capital Markets, Financial Management and Investment Management. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons,p.244-279 Reilly,F. and Brown,K. 2012. Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management. Texas: Reilly Brown,p.315-390 Sunarni C, 2016. Management Accounting Practices and the Role of Management Accountant: Evidence from Manufacturing Companies throughout Yogyakarta, Indonesia, [online] Available at: https://sibresearch.org/uploads/2/7/9/9/2799227/riber_b13-243_616-626.pdf [Accessed 26 Mar. 2016]. Megha M, n.d. Differences between Financial Accounting and Management accounting, [Online], Available at: https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-financial-accounting-and-management-accounting.html, [Accessed date: March 27, 2016] accountingexplained.com, n.d. Cost and Cost Classifications, [Online], Available at: https://accountingexplained.com/managerial/costs/, [Accessed date: March 27, 2016] DeBenedetti J, 2016. Types of Costs in Management Accounting, [Online], Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/types-costs-management-accounting-80540.html,[Accessed date: March 27, 2016] Hunter R, 2010. Types of Costs in Managerial Accounting, [Online], Available at: https://www.brighthub.com/office/finance/articles/72933.aspx, [Accessed date: March 27, 2016] Swanson L, n.d. Managerial Accounting and Cost Classification, [Online], Available at:https://ww2.nscc.edu/swanson_l/ACCT1020/Presentations/Ch%2018%20Managerial%20Accounting.pdf, [Accessed date: March 27, 2016] Accounting-simplified.com, n.d. Variance Analysis, [Online], Available at, [Accessed date: March 27, 2016] Microbuspub.com,2016. Classification of Manufacturing Costs and Expenses, [online] Available at: https://www.microbuspub.com/pdfs/chapter4.pdf [Accessed 26 Mar. 2016]. Ram,V and Bala,S. 2012. Strategic Financial Management. Chennai: Snow white prime knowledge series, p266-298. Putra D.2016. [online]. Cost Classifications [All Types] ,Available at: https://accounting-financial-tax.com/2009/10/cost-classifications-all-types/ [Accessed 26 Mar. 2016].

Business Communication

Introduction Communication underscores the means of exchanging meaningful opinions or ideas verbally or through writing to the concerned people or parties. Communication consists two or more people who have to come together to share information with one another and the material communicated should be clearly understood by all the involved parties.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Effective communication is extremely important especially to business people and managers, as they have to communicate with their staff, shareholders, and the wider community in such a proper way to avoid misinterpretations (Taylor, 2005). Therefore, poor communication is very catastrophic and the result is the loss of business worth lots of money, loss of customers, and spoiling the good image of an organization. This realization implies that communication is a basic need in busines s organizations and for success of any business, up to date information should be readily available regarding various aspects of the business. This information should be present to all the interested parties so that it can be utilized effectively for the benefit of the business. Business communication Business communication is formal and carefully organized to get things done in the right way and deliver information swiftly and inexpensively rather than exchanging good-natured remarks. Anyone who works to earn a living is involved in business communication and its importance is growing tremendously due to the increase in commercial activities. In the past, one person could run a business as there were no large organizations, but this aspect has changed in the 21st Century due to the emergence of multi-national businesses and hence the pressing need for effective business communication (Cardon, 2013). Most successful organizations appreciate that good communication at all levels is e ssential if they have to succeed in today’s competitive business world. They have to adopt suitable systems of communication and use them in the right way in a bid to convey the right information to the concerned people. For instance, staff members play a vital role in the running an organization, and thus they need to have relevant up to date information so that they can know what is expected of them in a bid to improve their performances. Most misunderstandings that take place in organizations are mainly the outcomes of ineffective communication, which explains why delegation of tasks and resolving of grievances call for sensitive and careful communication to avoid conflicts in workplaces (Taylor, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Communication with the suppliers may seem easy, but at times, some organizations order resources verbally, and thus fail to ensur e that the supplier has an understanding of what is required of them. Thus, an effective communication system should be in place to ensure that all the involved parties get the intended message from the source. Business communication media Good communication in any organization is subject to the chosen channels of communication. The chosen channel determines how the sender will convey the message and how the recipient will interpret the message, and thus choosing the right channel is very crucial. The communicator has to be careful and judicious when choosing a media and factors like reliability, formality, receiver, confidentiality, urgency, cost, speed, safety, and security should be the guiding principles when choosing a certain medium of communication. Today, a communicator can choose from the various ways of passing information in a bid to help a business function efficiently. These ways include written communication, which covers everything that is written and has to be commun icated in inscribed form, for example letters, press release, reports, telegrams, and memos among others. The benefit of this kind of communication in a business environment is that it is permanent and can be very useful in future reference. In addition, besides being accurate and precise, written documents can be accepted as legal documents. The other medium of communication is oral communication, which involves the use of spoken words rather than written words and it is a vital part in the contemporary business world. Oral communication includes conversations over the phone, group discussions, meetings, face-to-face conversations, and speeches among others. If used effectively, oral communication is useful in the development of any kind of business as it saves time and it is a powerful means of persuasion, as most recipients usually find it more dependable for they get an opportunity for clarification and feedback. Apart from communicating orally, it is also possible to communicat e visually using photographs, pictures, facial expression, gestures, charts, diagrams, posters, and tables. Successful conveyers of information make effective use of gestures and facial expressions. This channel of communication is also essential as information can be communicated successfully to the targets audience.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In many cases, this form of communication is more effective than written or communicated words; for example, a poster of products made by a certain company will be conveyed to thousands of potential customers, hence the communication through this media is assured and instantaneous. In a bid to be more effective, visual communication can be combined with written media of communication to convey the message as visual communication alone is not sufficient. Audio-visual communication is another medium of communicati on and it involves an amalgamation of sight and sound. Visual communication is not enough and people may not understand the intended message. This aspect explains why audio-visual communication is important, as the recipients will not miss the message since the slides go along with enlightenment and description. When message is conveyed in such a manner, it is retained for a longer period as compared to any other medium of communication. In a bid to save money, large business organizations should practice this kind of communication when popularizing there products as it is suitable for mass publicity (Flatly, 2002). In the modern day, electronic devices such as computers and televisions have made communication much easier. Communication using such electronic devices is referred to as electronic communication. With the use of computers, business communication becomes easier as people can send either internal electronic mail, which operates within the organization or external electron ic mail, which can be send to organizations or individuals around the globe as long as there is Internet connection. Computers have also made it possible for companies to save money that is used while traveling as people can communicate electronically through electronic conferencing (Locker Kaczmarek, 2004). Thus, these new communication technologies should be used in the right manner as they are critical to success in many businesses and they boost the human ability to communicate as they make communication easier and cheaper. Types of business communication Communication in small scale or large-scale organizations should be made clear so that the process of communicating will not be complicated. There are two types of business communication namely external and internal communication. External communication involves the exchange of important messages amongst different organizations or individuals outside the business, for example marketing of products, reports to government depart ments, and press releases. This kind of communication is very important to the development of a company or organization as it helps to keep customers informed on the organization’s activities, products, and services and this aspect makes more clientele or people to be more interested in dealing with that particular company, thus leading to an increase in the sale of its products. In addition, apart from establishing a good reputation with its customers, external communication makes it possible for a company to get feedback from its customers and improve on weaknesses by making better products that suit the clients’ needs.Advertising Looking for essay on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, internal communication is the exchange of relevant information amongst people within the same organization. In an organization, having a good internal communication is a very crucial aspect as it helps in improving the relationship between the staff members and their employers. Having a good flow of communication between the senior and junior staff is highly recommendable as any kind of complaint by the staff is communicated and measures to solve it put in place. This move helps in averting crises like strikes, which affects the overall performance and reputation of the company. Moreover, with sound communication, the management is well informed on any shortcomings like a failure of machines and it takes the necessary steps to avoid any losses. Therefore, the presence of a good internal communication system enables employees to co-ordinate effectively, hence making them work together towards the same goal of making an organization more successful. Internal communi cation can take the form of formal or informal meetings between the employees and the management or even internal newsletters. To keep all communication routes open and effective in an organization, internal communication should flow into different directions depending on the organization’s structure. These directions include downward flow, which moves downwards from the top management depending on the different levels in the organization (Locker Kaczmarek, 2004). This kind of communication can be either oral of written and the immediate superior can successfully convey any information to the subordinates. Usually, downward flow of communication follows a chain of command and it is usually dominated by oral means of communication, as it is easier for the superiors to convey the message orally to those under their supervision rather than writing lengthy reports. Another flow of internal communication is known as upward flow. It the opposite of downward flow and it entails the movement of information from the subordinates to the top most senior officers in an organization. This flow of information helps the senior officers in managing the organization in a better way as they get constructive suggestions to improve performance from the junior employees. In addition, it improves the relationship between employees and the management by creating greater harmony between the two. However, this flow of communication can only be effective if managers do not exercise excessive strictness by encouraging the subordinates to come out and communicate freely on what they think of the organization and its policies. Feedback is an important aspect in the communication process, and without it, the process becomes unfruitful. Horizontal communication is a type of communication flow that takes place amongst persons at the same levels of hierarchy and departments within an organization. The main goal of this flow is to cooperate and share any useful information and it is th e most common in most organizations as workers are more comfortable while communicating with others of the same hierarchy rather than their superiors. Though some managers discourage this kind of flow, it is very important as it promotes understanding and coordination of different departments, which is essential in the completion of routine tasks. Due to its informal nature, it is easily carried out through oral means of communication especially face-to-face exchange of crucial information or telephone conversations from one department to the other. Unlike the formal communication that hinders the free flow of information, the informal environment created by this flow allows staff to express their views freely, thus coming up with solutions to various hitches and misunderstandings affecting the organization. Informal written means of communication like letters and reports can also be used to convey information to staff of the same hierarchy. Barriers to business communication Challe nges are inevitable and no matter how any organization plans the business communication system carefully, it is likely to encounter some barriers since business communication is a complex process with many sources of possible mistakes. The flow of information in an organization is usually interrupted by either external factors or people tasked with communicating. These barriers have negative effects as they affect the morale of the staff and the efficient functioning of the organization and thus it is important for the management to identify and take counteractive measures to overcome the same. For instance, language can cause breakdown in communication, as the choice of words is very vital to the effective communication. Many words have different meanings and different people interpret them in a diverse way according to their mental attitude and understanding. This element is a barrier for the information being communicated by the messenger may not convey the intended meaning to th e recipient, which results in distortion of the message. However, the miscommunication can be sorted out if the transmitter puts into consideration dialects, educational, and regional accents as peoples’ different backgrounds affect how they interpret different words. Noise, â€Å"which is a physical barrier, also affects effective communication in an organization† (Locker Kaczmarek, 2004, p.104). Interruptions of this kind can be very disruptive, as oral method of communication is rendered useless in a noisy working environment. Noise is also used to â€Å"refer to all kinds of physical interferences like poor telephone connections, illegible writings, and filthy copies of spare typescript and in addition to noise, time and distance also affect the smooth flow of information in an organization† (Locker Kaczmarek, 2004, p.106). Despite the technology evolution, modern communication systems are not available everywhere and at times mechanical breakdowns render these facilities useless hence affecting communication. Therefore, the geographical distance between the sender and the recipient can act as a barrier to successful communication. All the available media of communication have their advantages and disadvantages and hence the wrong choice of media to convey information can act as a barrier. A sender who has an idea of what the communication aims to achieve can choose the wrong medium and the recipient will misinterpret message. For example, an employee who wants to inform the employer about his misconduct should choose face-to-face communication rather than written formal communication as the supervisor is likely to be more satisfied. In addition, the use of a medium, which the recipients are not familiar with, turns the medium into a barrier. Another barrier to effective communication is psychological barriers, which occur due to psychological or social problems. Different individuals have different ways of interpreting messages due to their own perceived opinions. Thus, if the message under communication is in tandem with the individuals’ sentiments and positions, they are likely to accept it easily and this aspect acts as a barrier to business communication. Emotions also play a crucial role in the transmission of information because if a sender is worried or excited, the state of his/her mind will be reflected in the message and it may not be organized properly. Therefore, it is very important not to allow emotions to hinder the smooth flow of communication in an organization. Measures to ensure effective business communication Since business communication is the lifeblood of a successful business, measures should be taken to mitigate the aforementioned barriers in a bid to ensure effective transmission of ideas from one person to another in an organization. One way of achieving this goal is by ensuring that the business communication is well planned so that the contents are well organized, relevant, and complete. Completeness in communication is very necessary as the receiver will get the right message and avoid wrong actions and decisions, which can emerge from incomplete messages. The sender should ensure the completeness of a message as this aspect would help in avoiding miscommunication and misunderstanding between the sender and the receiver. In organizations, there has been an explosion of information, and thus for business communication to succeed, careful processing of information should be practiced to eliminate all the unwanted irrelevant information. This element is important as it ensures that the communication channels are not overloaded and hence the flow of communication in the organization is regulated. Additionally, the involved parties should identify and solve all weakness in a communication system of an organization in a bid to maintain the optimum flow of information. An example of a weakness that can affect the flow of information is relationship barriers, and thus the management should work hard to remove this barrier by creating firm relationships and a climate of confidence to facilitate honest feedback from subordinates. Conclusion Business communication is the cornerstone of coordination in any business environment. However, for business communication to be effective organizations should choose wisely their media of communication in a bid to ensure proper communication and mitigate any barriers that might arise in the process of communication. Therefore, all business organizations should try to establish good business channels. This aspect will be of great benefit to organizations as communication is a vital tool in any successful workplace, as it contributes to a better understanding among employees, commitment, and better decision making. Proper channels should be organized and the right media chosen for information to flow in any organization, as this element ensures that the message reaches the intended user without being di storted in any way. Reference List Cardon, P. (2013). Business Communication: Developing Leaders for a Networked World. New York, NY: McGraw Hill, Inc. Flatly, L. (2002).Basic Business Communication: Skills of Empowering the Internet Generation. West Patel Nagar, DL: Tata McGraw Hill. Locker, K., Kaczmarek, S. (2004). Business Communication: Building Critical Skills. New York, NY: McGraw Hill, Inc. Shutterstcok. (2013). Business communication Stock Photos, Illustrations, and Vector  Art. Retrieved from https://www.shutterstock.com/ Taylor, S. (2005). Communication for Business: A Practical Approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Ltd. This essay on Business Communication was written and submitted by user Drake Hooper to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Business Communication Summarry Business Communication is described as the dissemination of information that is done primarily for the benefit of an organization. Business communication is accomplished by relaying information in different ways to various people who make up the organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The communication also includes relaying information about the business s to suppliers, consumers and other stakeholders in the organization. Effective business communication has the advantage of increasing productivity and profitability of the organization (Guffey and Almonte, 2010). To adequately illustrate the concept of business communication, it would be useful to attempt a scholarly critique of two articles from scholarly journals. The critique shall involve a brief summary of the article focused mainly on the data used and the methods employed in formulati ng the research questions. Additionally, the scholarly critique shall attempt to identify the goals of the article and the key theories and concepts used and whether are not these theories and concepts achieved the goals of the article. Finally the conclusion seeks to establish whether or not the article was worth writing. The Use of Strategic Metaphors in Intercultural Business Communication The article seeks to categorically establish that strategic metaphors can be used to help achieve effective intercultural business communication that is a prerequisite for the profitability and productivity of any given organization. The article uses data from a case study of the alliance between Renault and Nissan to illustrate the fact that the use of a suitable metaphor can adequately capture an organization’s essence in terms of its activities, strategic intents and its global and national cultures. The strategic metaphor also details the ethical and business position of the company. The article highlights how the use of effective metaphor enabled the stakeholders in the Alliance to work towards a common goal by employing the ambiguity and the diversity of meaning of the metaphor to surmount the Western and Asian intercultural differences (Cacciaguidi-Fahy and Cunningham, 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The goal of the article is to illustrate how the use of a strategic metaphor can benefit intercultural business communication. In my view, the theory and concepts used adequately accomplished the stated goals of the article. In conclusion, the article was definitely worth writing, this is because it makes substantial and theoretical contributions to our knowledge of communication especially in the multi-cultural and global business environment. The implications of the article are fostering a sense of shared identity and goal congruence in a mul ti-cultural business setting. Language and Culture in International Legal Communication The article proposes that in the contemporary global business setting that is characterized by involvement of people from different cultures and nationalities, it is imperative to develop communication competence in terms of language skills. The article highlights the importance of considering intercultural differences in translation particularly with regard to the legal systems of both the target and the source. The article uses data from company law to draw the conclusion that there are certain cultural and linguistic implications of using English as the legal lingua franca in addition to its influence on learning and teaching practice (Kocbek, 2006). The goal of the article is to highlight the importance of language and culture in international legal communication. The key theory and concept successfully used the examination of company law to illustrate how cultural and linguistic differences affect legal undertakings. In my considered view, the article was worth writing as it makes a significant contribution to the methodological and theoretical understanding of communication in the business environment. The article has the implication of underlining the importance of considering the impact of cultural and linguistic differences in legal matters. In conclusion, a critical analysis of the two articles has enhanced my understanding of business communication particularly in the global arena.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Cacciaguidi-Fahy, S and Cunningham, J. (2007). The Use of Strategic Metaphors in Intercultural Business Communication. Managing Global Transitions. 133-155. Retrieved from http://www.fm-kp.si/zalozba/ISSN/1581-6311/5_133-155.pdf Guffey, M. and Almonte, E. R. (2010). Essentials of Business Communication. USA: Nelson Ed ucation Publishing Inc Kocbek, A. (2006). Language and Culture in International Legal Communication. Managing Global Transition. 231-247. Retrieved from http://www.fm-kp.si/zalozba/ISSN/1581-6311/4_231-247.pdf This essay on Business Communication was written and submitted by user Brisa Pena to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Business communication

Family Tree and Genealogy of Actor James Stewart

Family Tree and Genealogy of Actor James Stewart Beloved American actor Jimmy Stewart was born to typical small-town roots in Indiana, Pennsylvania, where his father owned the local hardware store. His fathers Western Pennsylvania roots date back to 1772 when Jimmys third great-grandfather Fergus Moorhead first arrived in what is now Indiana County. His mothers roots also stretch back to 1770s Pennsylvania. First Generation James Maitland STEWART, the oldest and only son of Alexander Stewart and Elizabeth Ruth Jackson, was born on 20 May 1908 in his parents home at 975 Philadelphia Street in Indiana, Pennsylvania. The family soon expanded to include two sisters, Mary and Virginia. Jimmys father, Alex (pronounced Alec) owned the local hardware store in town, J.M. Stewart Co. Jimmy Stewart married Gloria Hatrick in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California, on 9 August 1949. Second Generation (Parents) Alexander M. STEWART was born on 19 May 1872 in Indiana County, Pennsylvania and died 28 Dec 1961 in Indiana Co., PA.Elizabeth Ruth JACKSON was born on 16 Mar 1875 in Indiana Co., PA and died 2 Aug 1953. Alexander M. STEWART and Elizabeth Ruth JACKSON were married in Indiana Co., PA on 19 Dec 1906 and had the following children: Jimmy Maitland STEWARTMary Wilson STEWART was born in Indiana Co., PA in 1912Virginia Kelly STEWART was born in Indiana Co., PA in 1915 Third Generation (Grandparents): James Maitland STEWART was born in Pennsylvania on 24 May 1839 and died on 16 Mar 1932.Virginia KELLY was born in Pennsylvania about 1847 and died before 1888. James Maitland STEWART married twice. First, he married Virginia Kelly and they had the following children: Ralph STEWART was born in Pennsylvania on Oct 1869Alexander M. STEWARTErnest Taylor STEWART was born in Pennsylvania Sep 1874 Following the death of his first wife, Virginia, James Maitland STEWART married Martha A. about 1888. Samuel McCartney JACKSON was born in Sep 1833 in PennsylvaniaMary E. WILSON was born in Nov 1844 in Pennsylvania Samuel McCartney JACKSON and Mary E. WILSON were married about 1868, and had the following children: Mary Gertrude Jackson was born abt 1861 in PALizzie Virginia Jackson was born abt 1862 in PAFrank Wilson Jackson was born abt 1870 in PAJohn H. Jackson was born abt Aug 1873 in PAElizabeth Ruth JACKSONMary E Jackson was born abt 1877 in PAEmily L. Jackson was born abt Apr 1882 in PA

Market research of phone cases (Iphone) and evidencing demand for this Assignment

Market research of phone cases (Iphone) and evidencing demand for this product - Assignment Example For instance, Iphones have been strong and efficient in the services they offer. This has been profoundly instrumental because customers always prefer products that are strong, durable and most importantly efficient in offering its intended services. For years, Iphones have been outstanding in their market performance as the company’s innovativeness has been its great tool (Diamantopoulos 2004). Different models of iPhones have evolved systematically with the quality being improved successively. In order to shield off stiff competition in the market the apple company has benefitted from the creativity, innovation and enterprising nature of its business model. The improvement of iPhone products has been both significant and a challenge in as far as the business environment is concerned. Some of the successive products end up finding resistance and low market reception. This is part of the business challenges but the Company must ensure that it remains relevant in the market not allowing to be overtaken by fierce competitors by improving the new product (Sinha, 2013). Despite the initial success and high market demand of iPhones in the market, challenges have crippled in as well. In the most recent past iPhone 5C model experienced an unsuccessful entry into the market. The demand of the Smartphone was significantly low, which led loss of profits and affected the product and the company’s profile in the market. This led to the reduction of its daily production with almost 50% (Sinha, 2013). Most of the iPhone 5C manufacturers admitted receiving orders to cut down daily rate of the product production. For instance, Pegatron reported instructions to cut the manufacturing of iPhone 5C by almost 75%. This resulted in the production of 80, 000 units on weekly basis from 320,000 units initially (Sinha, 2013). In general, the production of iPhone 5C reduced hugely and the company suffered huge profit and financial losses. In fact, there were

Criminal assingnment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Criminal assingnment - Essay Example Under this law, the jury is given wider latitude in determining the mens rea by giving it the ability to evaluate each given circumstances. In connection with the case at bar, let us therefore apply the principles of mens rea and the underlying laws that punishes criminal offenses. The actus reus can be established here as negligent act of Alan in loading the gun and accidentally firing it at his father. To recall, the actus reus maybe be the acts R. v. Majoram [2000]1, omission (R v. Dytham [1979]2; R v. Pittwood (1902)3 or negligence (see R v Stone and Dobinson (1977)4 of the parties involved. The mens rea of the case is loading of the gun which caused the accidental shooting. According to the case of Metropolitan Police Commissioner v. Caldwell [1981]5, where the actor recognized the danger of the act but still persist to perform such act; the requirements of mens rea are satisfied. However, the fact Alan confessed later that he was hearing voices; he never really had any criminal intentions of killing his father mitigates the degree of the act. Alan as a soldier knows about guns. In fact, as a soldier, he had formal trainings when it comes to guns. In the case of R v Cunningham (1957)6, the court decided that where the accused can reasonably foresee the consequences of his or her actions but did not really care whether the consequences of his or her action will actually happen or not, that person is considered guilty of recklessness. Since Alan did not have any intentions of really injuring or killing his own father, the offense will now fall within the ambit of sections 47 and 20 of the Offences Against the Persons Act. Under section 20 of the Act, a person who â€Å"unlawfully and maliciously wound or inflict any grievous bodily harm upon any other person, either with or without any weapons or instrument†¦Ã¢â‚¬  shall be guilty of battery. The use of the gun as a weapon

Obesity in Children Essay Example for Free

Obesity in Children Essay Conclusion Because the rate of childhood obesity is increasing at a disturbing rate, experts fear that this will cause a remarkable load of illness in the future of our children even now a growing number of diabetic young adults is becoming a norm. Preventing, identifying and treating of children and adolescents who are obese are becoming a core medical intervention priority for the government and all concerned institutions. Since there is not clear answer as to how and why children become obese and currently a variety of reasons blamed for this obesity including genetics, culture, habits, individual practice, parental practice, sedentary lifestyle, poor eating habits and such. Research at the molecular level has been progressing, but there is no actual understanding as to the whole image from a biological viewpoint. One might realize that there is no singular factor that can be blamed for a child becoming overweight or obese, it is a combination of factors that plays a role in promote obesity. The increasing obesity rates not only in adults but also in children these trends, in conjunction with obesity’s medical, psychological, and economic effects, emphasize the need for interventions and policy advice aimed at preventing obesity. Directives to remove soft drinks from public schools have started in some cities but despite the variety and number of researches done on the topic of obesity one may note that it remains to be a critical health problem. It seems that there are no enough intervention programs that have taken place in order to curve the problem. It is noted that not enough is being done in order to stop the rising trend of obese children but time has come that it must be addressed as a rising and critical problem that needs immediate attention if we are to cultivate healthy children. It will be noted that as children are obese and they are reaching their adolescence, the decrease in physical activity and the predilection to junk foods, fast foods and such also decreases the mental capacity of the child in a sense that they are more apt to laziness because of decreased energy rather go to school and participate in class, most of them are sleepy and usually uncomfortable in their own skins. It is of note that this problems if persistent will make for a bleak future for our children, since the society is cultivating lazy, fat children who will turn out to be lazy fat adults. One can imagine how it would be like in the future. Promotion of a healthy lifestyle not only for our children but for ourselves as well should be a major thrust of the government if curving the current situation is to be achieved. The thought at a young age children will be subjected to diseases and concern that is normally associated with the elderly and geriatric patients should be carefully considered and rejected. In developing an afterschool wellness program the author notes that it is not as simple as devising exercise plans for the children. It is a holistic approach that requires a multifaceted planning that includes education, healthy diet plans and the actual activity period. And it is also noted by the writer that in order to curve obesity in children, drastic measures must be employed not only by the obese children themselves but the whole family and the whole community. Developing healthy eating habits and leisure activity changes require changes that involve the family in order for the child not feel left out or forlorn. It is also of note that simple family physical activities will help curve obesity. One may realize that everything starts out at home and spilled over to the school then to the community. If we wish to curve obesity in children and protect our children’s health it is imperative that the community in particular and the nation in general work hand in hand so that attention maybe given and directives to promote healthy eating in schools and within the community be fostered and community get togethers that involves physical activities, community dances in the park, weekend exercise program for the community can be facilitated by the general community so that everyone may take part in keeping the family and our children healthier and live fuller lives. References: Abbott Laboratories (2003) MERIDIA (sibutramine hydrochloride manohydrate). Product information. In Physician’s Desk Reference. Montvale, NJ, Thompson PDR, 2003, p. 475–480 Blocker D Freudenberg N (2001) Developing Comprehensive Approachesto Prevention and Control of Obesity Among Low-Income, Urban, African-American Women, Journal of the American Medical Women’s AssociationVol. 56, No. 2 pp. 59-64 Bray GA: Use and abuse of appetite-suppressant drugs in the treatment of obesity. Ann Intern Med 119:707–713, 1993 Centers for Disease Control, (1997) Guidelines for School and Community Programs to Promote Lifelong Physical Activity Among Young People. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1997; 46 (RR-6); 1-36 Center for Disease Control (2007) Body mass index. Retrieved 22 April 2008 from http://www. cdc. gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/index. htm Davidson MH, Hauptman J, DiGiorlamo M, Foreyt JP, Halstead CH, Heber D, Heimburger DC, Lucas CP, Robbins DC, Chung J, Heymsfeld SB: Weight control and risk factor reduction in obese subjects treated for 2 years with orlistat: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 281:235–242, 1999 Dietz, W.H. , Gortmaker, S. L. (1985). Do we fatten our children at the television set? Obesity and television viewing in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 75(5), 807-812. Dietz, W. H. (1983). Childhood obesity: Susceptibility, cause, and management. Journal of Pediatrics, 103(5), 676-686. Dr. Paul. Retrieved 27 April 2008 from http://www. drpaul. com/illnesses/overweight. html ExRx. net. Retrieved 26 April 2008 from http://www. exrx. net/FatLoss/ChildObesityIntervention. html Epstein, L. H. , Wing, R. R. , Koeske, R. , Valoski, A. (1987). Long-term effects of family-based treatment of childhood obesity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(1), 91-95. EJ 352 076. Freudenberg N, Eng E, Flay B, Parcel G,Rogers T, Wallerstein N. Strengthening individual and community capacity to prevent disease and promote health: In search of relevant theories and principles. Health Educ Q. 1995;22:290-306. Gortmaker, S. L. , Dietz, W. H. , Sobol, A. M. , Wehler, C. A. (1987). Increasing pediatric obesity in the United States. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 141, 535-540. Graves, T. , Meyers, A. W. , Clark, L. (1988). An evaluation of parental problem-solving training in the behavioral treatment of childhood obesity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(2), 246-250. James WP, Astrup A, Finer N, Hilsted J, Kopelman P, Rossner S, Saris WH, Van Gaal LF(2000) Effect of sibutramine on weight maintenance after weight loss: a randomized trial. Lancet 356:2119–2125, 2000 Litchfield R, Nelson D, Koch J, (2004), Guide to healthy kids: What parents can do, Iowa State University – University Extension. Iowa. Kien C, Chiodo A (2003) Physical activity in middle school-aged children participating in a school-based recreation program. Archives of pediatrics and adolescent medicine 157(8):811-5 Lohman, T. G. (1987). The use of skinfolds to estimate body fatness on children and youth. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation Dance, 58(9), 98-102. McLeroy KR, Bibeau D, Steckler A, Glanz K. (1988) An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Education Q. 1988;15:351-377. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (1998) Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: the evidence report. Obesity Research 6:51S–210S National Institute of Health, NIH Publication No. 97-4096 retrieved 26 April 2008 from http://adam. about. com/care/weightloss/weight_child. html. Roberts S, Savage J. , Coward W. , Chew B. , Lucas, A. (1988). Energy expenditure and intake in infants born to lean and overweight mothers. The New England Journal of Medicine, 318, 461-466. Ross, J Pate R. (1987). The National Children and Youth Fitness Study II: A summary of findings. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 58(9), 51-56. EJ 364 411 Serdula, MK, Ivery, D, Coates, RJ, (1993) Do obese children become obese adults? A review of the literature. Preventive Medicine 1993; 22: 167-177. St. Vincents Health (2004), Bariatric weight loss center of excellence, Retrieved 27 April 2008 from http://www.stvincent. org/ourservices/bariatrics/about/causes/default. htm Sjostrom L, Rissanen A, Andersen T, Boldrin M, Golay A, Koppeschaar HPF, Krempf M: Randomized placebo-controlled trial of orlistat for weight loss and prevention of weight regain in obese patients. Lancet 352:167–172, 1998 The National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE). NASPE releases first ever physical activity guidelines for pre-adolescent children. 1-2. 5-13-1998. NASPE. Wadden TA, Berkowitz RI, Sarwer DB, Prus-Wisniewski R, Steinberg C (2001) Benefits of lifestyle modification in the pharmacologic treatment of obesity: a randomized trial.Archives of Internal Medicine 161:218–227, 2001 Whitaker, RC, Wright, JA, Pepe, MS, Seidel, KD, Dietz, WH. (1997) Predicting obesity in young adulthood from childhood and parental obesity. New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 337: 869-73. Wolf, M. C. , Cohen, K. R. , Rosenfeld, J. G. (1985). School-based interventions for obesity: Current approaches and future prospects. Psychology in the Schools, 22, 187-200. Understanding Childhood Obesity (1999) Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA: Obesity. N Engl J Med 346:591–602, 2002.

Addiction and the Reward Circuit Essay -- Biology Essays Research Pape

Addiction and the Reward Circuit Most people are affected directly or indirectly by drug addiction. Many stereotypes including race and socio-economic class are associated with drug addiction. Despite longstanding stereotypes there is more and more evidence being discovered pointing to an explanation from within the brain of the addict. Free will is generally associated with drug addicts as is their choice to use drugs, but free will may not be a factor in addiction. The key to addiction lies solely in the brain, without influence form the "I-function", or free will. The affect of all drugs of abuse, which are characterized by heroine, cocaine, LSD, opiates, and others, is on what is known as the reward circuit of the brain (1). The circuit includes the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is connected to the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex in the pathway where they communicate through neurons (4). Other areas of the brain may be involved depending on the drug (2). The VTA and nucleus accumbens are involved in the reward circuit of all drugs (3). The natural function of the reward circuit is to provide a reward and associated pleasurable feelings in response to life sustaining functions, such as eating, to encourage repetition of that function. The reward circuit functions through the use of neurotransmitters, mainly dopamine. When activated, the circuit triggers the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that induces a pleasurable feeling, from the neurons in the VTA. Drugs of abuse stimulate this same response, in many cases to a greater degree than the natural response causing a spike in dopamine levels. Certain drugs, especially cocaine, can block dopamine receptors in the reward circuit. After being ... ...tion towards addiction to drugs of abuse. The brain may be solely responsible for the addiction but if this is true, how do people overcome their own brains to recover from addiction. Could it be that the brain changes back to its normal state in turn allowing the addict to recover or could it be the addict forcing his brain to change back to its normal state, causing recovery. References 1)This paper reflects the research and thoughts of a student at the time the paper was written for a course at Bryn Mawr College. Like other materials on Serendip, it is not intended to be "authoritative" but rather to help others further develop their own explorations. Web links were active as of the time the paper was posted but are not updated. Contribute Thoughts | Search Serendip for Other Papers | Serendip Home Page http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/serendip/a2z.html

Sources of Motivation Paper

Sometimes people have to ask themselves questions such as why do I want to do that, what is it that I need that is going to take to get me from point A to point B, and how do I keep doing what I need to do to accomplish the set task or goal? Many times people wonder what causes an individual to act in a certain way. The word motivation is used in everyday language and can be defined in various ways but, in general, it is referred to as the internal course of action that triggers, directs and maintains the individual’s behaviors toward a particular goal or event (Ferguson, 2000). Hence, this paper defines motivation, addresses a few sources of motivation, gives an idea about how human motivation and behavior are linked together, as well as look at how motivation is displayed in behavior. Sources of Motivation Motivation can originate from internal sources, described as biological and psychological variables, and from external sources, such as incentives and goals (Deckers, 2010, pg. 1). For example, a biological factor in the motivation to eat would be that the individual got something to eat because his or her stomach was growling or experiencing stomach pangs. A psychological factor in the motivation to eat would be that an individual ate too much because he or she used food as a way to cope with his or her feelings of depression or loneliness. An environmental factor in the motivation to eat would be that the sight and smell of food triggered the hunger and eating such as the smell of a freshly baked loaf of banana nut bread. An external factor to becoming motivated to cook one’s own freshly baked bread is having the goal to learn how to bake the bread and then market it in a way to bring in extra income. In addition to biological, psychological and environmental variables to motivation, it is also said that motivation can be intrinsic or extrinsic. According to Ferguson, internal outcomes can provide internal incentives, and incentive motivation of this type is called intrinsic motivation. When external outcomes provide external incentives, the incentive motivation is called extrinsic motivation (2000, pg. 215). For example, a person who is intrinsically motivated might learn to play the piano because it gives the individual has a sense of pleasure while listening to the music. A person who is extrinsically motivated might learn to play the piano because he or she is promised monetary gain or some other type of reward. The Relationship between Motivation and Behavior Psychologists, therapists, behaviorists as well as others who work in or interested in human services, many times want to know and participate in studies to help them learn more about what motivates individuals to behave or misbehave in a certain way. According to Reeves, â€Å"motivation study concerns all conditions that exist within the person and within the environment and culture that explain â€Å"why we want what we want† and â€Å"why we do what we do (2009, pg. iii). † So, when people think about motivation, they have to consider the individual’s desire, drive, and need to get or accomplish something and whether that motivation is strong or weak as well as the behavior that goes along with it. To put it in another way, motivation and behavior are like the coin which has the head (motivation) and the tail (behavior). Thus, when explaining the relationship between motivation and behavior, the truth is that you can’t have one without the other. How Motivation Exhibited in Behavior What causes a person to walk in the rain without an umbrella? Could it be that the individual must get to his or her destination no matter the condition of the weather? Or could it be that the individual loves the feel of water coming down from its natural environment? If not for those reasons, then could it be that the individual uses the rain water during that time to hide his or her tears in an attempt to release some of his or her emotions of sorrow and pain? The way people act will many times depend on the motivation behind it. It’s difficult to understand certain behaviors without looking at the the type of motivation that is connected to it. People many times search out ways that will help them get motivated to move in the direction of their thoughts or of their own perceived needs or preferred wants. The behavior that they will exhibit once they have iscovered the need or source, will then help them know what they can do and then motivate them to get to their desired objective, goal or even the destination that they have set forth for themselves. Simply put, motivation is a kind of an internal force which compels an individual to do something in order to get something whether it be revealed internally or displayed externally. For exa mple, I am motivated to do well in class, thus I must read the material, answer the questions according to recommended standards, participate in class discussions and perform well on assignments given. Thus, when looking at or attempting to explain motivation with that example, it is not only what causes me to act but also why I took a certain course of action. Motivation is about human strivings, wants, desires, and goals and the behavior exhibited will either be a push or pull that gets the individual to do something. If the desires are strong, the individual will do work hard at trying to fulfill it and if they are weak, he or she may be less motivated to do so. Motivation, whether it is strong or weak, comes through a number of sources and the behavior that is displayed comes out in different ways. Whether those motivations are due to biological, psychological and environmental variables, the behavior affects the individual’s end whether that end is positive or negative. Whether the motivation is internally, externally, intrinsically or extrinsically motivated, people will do those things are important to them and show forth the behaviors that will get them toward their desired wants, needs, objectives or goals. References Ferguson, E. (2000). Motivation: A Biosocial and Cognitive Integration of Motivation and Emotion. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Incorporated. Deckers, L. (2010). Motivation:  Biological, Psychological, and Environmental. (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. Retrieved from  https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/. Reeve, J. (2009). Understanding motivation and emotion. (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Retrieved from  https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/.

Free ESL Business Letter Writing Lesson Plan

Teaching a business English course requires an extremely pragmatic approach to writing tasks. It is necessary to focus on the production of specific documents for specific situations. In order to ensure that the students are attentive while learning language production skills which will be used in the writing of these documents, they should brainstorm on certain company-specific problems that might arise. In this manner, the students are attentive throughout the language productivity process because they will be creating a document that has immediate practical applications. 5-Part Lesson I Listening Comprehension: Shipment Problems from International Business English Listening comprehension (2 times)Comprehension check II Break into 2 groups to brainstorm and write a list of possible problems with your supplier Have each group choose what they feel is an important and or regularly occurring problemAsk groups to write a quick outline of the problem III Have one group generate vocabulary and structures used when complaining, ask the other group to generate vocabulary used when responding to complaints Have two groups write their generated vocabulary on the boardAsk for further vocabulary and/or structures that the opposing group may have missed IV Ask groups to compose a letter of complaint about the problem they have previously outline Have the groups exchange finished letters. Each group should proceed by first reading, then correct and finally, respond to the letter. V Collect student letters and correct reply by pointing out which types of mistakes have been made (i.e. S for syntax, PR for preposition etc.) While correcting the letter have groups mix and discuss their responses to the problemRedistribute corrected letters to original groups and have students try to correct their letters using the cues given by the correction The follow-up would include a written assignment of writing a letter of complaint. Students would then once again exchange letters read, correct and reply to the complaint. In this manner, students would continue working on this specific task over a period of time thus enabling perfection of the task through repetition. Lesson Breakdown The above plan takes the rather common task of the complaint and replies in the business setting as the central focus for ​comprehension and language production skills. By introducing the subject through a listening  exercise, the students are passively encouraged to begin thinking about their own problems at work. Progressing through the spoken production phase, students begin to consider appropriate language for the task at hand. By focusing on specific problems at their own company, the students interest is engaged thereby ensuring a more effective learning environment. Students begin to consider appropriate written production by writing an outline. In the second part of the lesson, students focus more specifically on the appropriate language for the task of complaining and replying to complaints. They reinforce their reading and spoken knowledge of the vocabulary and structures by commenting on the other groups production on the board. The third part of the lesson begins to develop the actually written production of the target area by group work. It continues with reading comprehension by the exchange of letters and further review of the structures by group correction. Finally, written production continues to improve by writing a response to the letter that they have read and corrected. Having first corrected the other groups letter, the group should be more aware of proper production. In the final part of the lesson, written production is further refined by direct teacher involvement, helping the students to understand their mistakes and correct the problem areas themselves. In this way, the students will have completed three different letters focusing on specific work-related target areas that then can then immediately use at the workplace.