Understanding Critical Theory

Critical theory is a social theory oriented toward critiquing and changing society as a whole. It differs from traditional theory, which focuses only on understanding or explaining society.  Critical theories  aim to dig beneath the surface of social life and uncover the assumptions that keep human beings from a full and true understanding of how the world works. Critical  theory emerged out of the Marxist tradition and was developed by a group of sociologists at the University of Frankfurt in Germany who referred to themselves as  The Frankfurt School. History and Overview Critical theory as it is known today can be traced to Marxs critiques of the economy and society. It is inspired greatly by Marxs theoretical formulation of the relationship between economic base and ideological superstructure and focuses on how power and domination operate. Following in Marxs critical footsteps, Hungarian Gyà ¶rgy Lukà ¡cs and Italian Antonio Gramsci developed theories that explored the cultural and ideological sides of power and domination. Both  Lukà ¡cs and Gramsci focused their critique on the social forces that prevent people from understanding how power affects their lives. Shortly after Lukà ¡cs and Gramsci published their ideas, the Institute for Social Research was founded at the University of Frankfurt, and the Frankfurt School of critical theorists took shape. The work of the Frankfurt School members, including Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno,  Erich Fromm, Walter Benjamin, Jà ¼rgen Habermas,  and Herbert Marcuse, is considered the heart of critical theory. Like  Lukà ¡cs and Gramsci, these theorists focused on ideology and cultural forces as facilitators of domination and barriers to freedom. The contemporary politics and economic structures of the time greatly influenced their thought and writing, as they lived during the height of national socialism. This included the rise of the Nazi regime, state capitalism, and the spread of mass-produced culture. The Purpose of Critical Theory Max Horkheimer defined critical theory  in the book  Traditional and Critical Theory.  In this work, Horkheimer asserted that a critical theory must do two important things: It must account for society within a historical context, and it should seek to offer a robust and holistic critique by incorporating insights from all social sciences. Further, Horkheimer stated that a theory can only be considered a true critical theory if it is explanatory, practical, and normative. The theory must adequately explain the social problems that exist, offer practical solutions for how to respond to them, and abide by the norms of criticism established by the field. Horkheimer condemned traditional theorists for producing works that fail to question power, domination, and the status quo. He expanded on Gramscis critique of the role of intellectuals in processes of domination. Key Texts Texts associated with the Frankfurt School focused their critique on the centralization of  economic, social, and political control that was transpiring around them. Key texts from this period include: Critical and Traditional Theory  (Horkheimer)Dialectic of the Enlightenment  (Adorno and Horkheimer)Knowledge and Human Interests  (Habermas)The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere  (Habermas)One-Dimensional Man  (Marcuse)The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction  (Benjamin) Critical Theory Today Over the years, many social scientists and philosophers who rose to prominence after the Frankfurt School have adopted the goals and tenets of critical theory. We can recognize critical theory today in many feminist theories  and approaches to conducting social science. It is also found in critical race theory, cultural theory, gender, and queer theory, as well as in media theory and media studies. Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

P3 Explain Factors That May Influence Communication and...

Task 3 P3 explain factors that may influence communication and interpersonal interactions in Health and Social Care Environments Section 1 Barriers to communication A barrier blocks and stops something from getting through. There are different types of communication barriers that stop communication from going well. Three types of communication barriers are shown below. Communication is not received- They may not respond to the language needs or preferences. Not understanding sensory impairment or disability. For example, speaking to a deaf person, the sounds are not received. The background noise can stop you hearing, and you cannot receive full non-verbal communication if you cannot see a person’s face or body. Communication is†¦show more content†¦Lighting can also be a communication barrier for Kristen and other service users as the face cannot be seen clearly, doctors and service users will not be able to see the lips to lip read and therefore this will stop effective communication from occurring. Space can be a barrier to Kristen and other service users as they will not have enough room to have their own space. If it is overcrowded Kristen and other service users will not receive the right service as it will be too noisy and there will be a lot of distractions. Time is a barrier for Kristen and other service on the ward as the health and social care professionals on the ward may be prioritising those with bigger problems, who need more help than others, rather than helping people who are stable. Also, consultations may be rushed as the health and social care professionals may not have enough time for Kristen and other service users. According to an article in the daily mail, doctors are under time restrictions during consultations and this could lead to rushed consultations and this could lead to the service user not being satisfied with their needs. www.dailymail.co.uk Type of communication At times communication will be complex, for example a family member may want to know about funding arrangements for care. A communication about funding may be includingShow MoreRelatedP3 – Explain Factors That May Influence Communication and Interpersonal Interactions in Health and Social Care Environments. 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Marketing Development Of Strategies And Plans †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Development Of Strategies And Plans. Answer: Impact of the marketing forces Marketingis a vast concept, which includes the transactions between the buyers and sellers. Both the buyers and sellers need to maintain appropriate approach towards each other for satisfying the identified goals and objectives. Consideration of the marketing legislations helps the buyers and the sellers to conduct themarketing activities in an efficient and effective manner. Typical examples in this direction are Consumer Protection Act, competitive policies among others (Armstrong et al. 2015). The first step of marketing is the development of strategies and plans. These strategies help the marketers to expose appropriate approach towards the buyers. On the contrary, this strategic vision helps the buyers to exercise their purchasing power for purchasing quality and branded products. The sellers need to provide the customers with enough opportunity to exercise their purchasing power. This is in terms of assessing their mentality towards the steps undertaken by the sellers. For this, the sellers need to possess enough financial flexibility in terms of aligning with the altering needs and preferences of the customers (Menon et al. 2015). There are certain market forces, which act as an obstacle in the attempt of the sellers in terms of reaching to the customers. Herein lays the appropriateness of the Porters Five Forces. These forces are- bargaining power of the suppliers, bargaining power of the customers, threat of substitutes, threat of new entrants and competitive rivalry. Out of these forces, three main forces are threat of substitutes, threat of new entrants and competitive rivalry, which adversely affect the efficient execution of the marketing activities. Threat of substitutes reflects the gradual emergence of the startup companies in terms of expanding the scope and arena of their business (Wagner and Eggert 2016). On the other hand, this threat acts as a compromise with the needs and demands of the customers in terms of possessing quality products. Ignorant attitude of the company and organizational personnel would add vulnerability in the market position. For averting these instances, the personnel need to put on their thinking caps for coming out with something innovative. However, in order to bring innovation the personnel need to expose a conscious approach towards the maintenance of the originality. This consciousness would prove beneficial for the personnel in terms of encountering the advent of change in the threshold of the workplace (Leonidou et al. 2017). Threat of new entrants reflects the experimentation of the startup brands in terms of achieving a better placement in the market. This experimentation is a matter of serious concern for the already established brands. Herein lays the importance of the competitive policies, which helps the personnel to indulge into fair trades and transactions with the contemporary brands. Adherence to the standards of these policies helps the buyers to avert the instances of illegal scandals. Non-compliance with the standards of the competitive policies compels the personnel to encounter instances of inflation, fluctuation in the prices of the raw materials and the other financial flexibilities (Hollensen 2015). On the other hand, the new entrants in the market possess high chances of being adulterated, which is interplay with the needs, demands and requirements of the customers. As a matter of specification, negligent attitude towards this direction is a compromise with the health needs of the customers. For averting this kind of instances, the personnel need to hire skilled, efficient and qualified experts for testing the quality of the products. Supervision of the qualification of the experts is crucial in terms of averting the adopting wrong means for degrading the original quality of the products (Grabara 2013). Competitive rivalry is the major force, which contradicts the aspect of fulfilling the specific tastes and demands of the customers. The term rivalry can be related with the aspect of the personnel to blindly run in the rat race to grabbing the hot seat. Application of rational thinking in this mentality helps the personnel to stand out of the madding crowd in terms of the achieving customer satisfaction. For this, the experts need to practice creative thinking for overpowering the contemporary brands. Herein lays the importance of training, which would enhance the skills, expertise and knowledge of the employees for carrying out the basic marketing activities in an efficient and effective manner (Baker 2014). Effective utilization of the gained training would help the employees to exercise their creative thinking. Evaluation is one of the basic recommendations in terms of mitigating the intensity of the market forces. This is because evaluation would make the personnel aware of the major drawbacks within the business activities. Maintenance of consistency in the execution of evaluation would alter the perspective of the personnel towards marketing. This consistency, in turn, would add value to the personnels individual attempt towards execution of the allocated duties and responsibility in an efficient and effective manner (Antoncic et al. 2016). A deeper insight into brands and products There are variations in the products and services. The ways in which these products are manufactured reflect the type and extent of the customer satisfaction, which the companies and organizations would achieve. Exposure of rational approach helps the marketers to identify the appropriate target market. This identification is an agent in terms of upgrading the standards and quality of the product. The approach towards upgradation becomes the identification of the brand. The techniques for this upgradation help the customers to identify the brand and exercise their purchasing and affordability power. In view of these aspects, products are the stepping-stones towards formation of the brands (Charter 2017). Rationality and creativity are the two important aspects in the process of identifying the target market. This is because of the components involved in market segmentation. As a matter of specification, the personnel need to consider the geographical, behavioral, psychological aspects before setting the target on a particular market segment. Along with this, there are also age specifications, which the personnel need to consider for expanding the scope and arena of their business through the sale of the manufactured products. Segmentation of the customers narrows down the vision and focus of the customers (Mason, Chakrabarti and Singh 2013). This narrowing down can be related to the short term goals, which the personnel need to set for systematizing their business activities according to their priority. For example, if a supermarket need to carry out target segmentation for the newly launched perfume, they need to conduct marketing mix. This would help them to make estimates regarding the approaches of the customers. Classification of the customers regarding the performing would be the gradual progression of the personnel towards the identification of the targets. Advertising can also be one of the efficient means for placing the brand in the market (Sheth and Sisodia 2015). However, for advertising, the personnel need to ensure that the individual sentiments of the customers are preserved. Adherence and compliance to the marketing legislations would be an effective means in terms of advertising the products in a legal manner. Herein, social media is a fruitful option in terms of the advertising the products to the audience. This is because uploading the images of the newly manufactured products on the official website and the social networking sites would help the personnel to reach to a large number of customers. Within this, keeping the provision of customer generated contents would enhance the clarity of the personnel regarding the customer approaches towards the levied products. Typical examples in this direction can be selfies with the purchased products. However, the personnel need to maintain rationality in these activities for achievi ng loyalty, trust and dependence from the customers (Foxall 2014). On the contrary, if the marketing personnel misutilize the offered position, they would be compelled to encounter instances like customer turnovers, which would be an utter loss in the competitive ambience. Turning the attention towards the products, the personnel need to ensure the durability of the products. Consciousness towards the maintenance of originality reflects a long shelf life of the products. On the other hand, if continuous experiments are conducted on the products, its originality is lost, which destroys the passion of the customers to possess quality and branded products. Herein lays the appropriateness of marketing mix, which enables the marketing personnel to experiment with the newly launched products (Mason, Chakrabarti and Singh 2013). Herein lays the appropriateness of the aspect of age, which reflects the maintenance of pace by the author with the requirements of the assignment. The same needs to be the functionalities of the marketing personnel while experimenting with the products. As a matter of specification, the personnel need to bear in mind the needs, demands and requirements of the customers within the production process. Conduction of evaluation would help the personnel in this direction in terms of ensuring whether they are progressing on the right track. Consistency in the evaluation would help the personnel to upgrade the standard and quality of the products, which would create a firm and stable identity of the brand. Moreover, the attempts of the personnel need to be coming up with something innovative for achieving large-scale customer satisfaction (Sheth and Sisodia 2015). Communication is one of an efficient solution for the issues, which the personnel encounters while selling their products to the customers. Most of the transactions include verbal communication. However, written communication would act as a proof for the personnel in terms of safeguarding themselves from the unwanted illegal courtly instances (Foxall 2014). References Antoncic, B., Auer Antoncic, J. and Aaltonen, H.M., 2016. Marketing self-efficacy and firm creation.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,23(1), pp.90-104. Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. and Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education. Baker, M.J., 2014.Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Charter, M. ed., 2017.Greener marketing: A responsible approach to business. Routledge. Foxall, G., 2014.Strategic Marketing Management (RLE Marketing)(Vol. 3). Routledge. Grabara, J., 2013. Employers expectations towards the employees from the marketing and management department.Polish Journal of Management Studies,7, pp.58-70. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Leonidou, L.C., Katsikeas, C.S., Samiee, S. and Aykol, B. eds., 2017.Advances in Global Marketing: A Research Anthology. Springer. Mason, K., Chakrabarti, R. and Singh, R., 2013. Markets and marketing at the bottom of the pyramid.Marketing Theory,13(3), pp.405-407. Menon, A., Bharadwaj, S.G., Adidam, P.T. and Edison, S.W., 2015. Effective Marketing Strategy-Making: Antecedents and Consequences. InProceedings of the 1997 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 224-224). Springer, Cham. Sheth, J.N. and Sisodia, R.S., 2015.Does marketing need reform?: Fresh perspectives on the future. Routledge. Wagner, S.M. and Eggert, A., 2016. Co-management of purchasing and marketing: Why, when and how?.Industrial Marketing Management,52, pp.27-36.

WFNX and Boston Radio Wars Essay Sample free essay sample

WFNX was started in 1983 by The Phoenix Media/Communications Group. with the purpose to appeal to the newspaper’s same audience of educated. flush. individual professionals and pupils seeking different sentiments from those offered by mainstream media. WFNX was a first mover in the â€Å"new wave† or â€Å"alternative rock† music genre – they offered something different and had a steadfast committedness to the local music scene. and rapidly became a leader in Boston’s â€Å"new music† wireless niche. As alternate stone caught on and WFNX’s rivals began to swoop on the station’s antecedently alone market positioning. their battles focused around a peculiar quandary: How could a station founded upon and recognized for remaining outside the mainstream. remain profitable and competitory in an industry driven by cut-throat selling tactics. changeless commercial demands and ever-evolving cultural tendencies? With industry consolidatio n coercing major displacements in the industry landscape. WFNX is faced with cardinal strategic determinations to recover land and remain afloat amidst ferocious competition. Through strategic hiring. increased selling attempts and merger/partnership chances. WFNX may be able to turn things around. Radio Industry Background Radio as an advertisement channel provides alone and attractive benefits. As a consequence. Stationss in metropolitan countries such as Boston complete to bring forth net incomes through advertisement gross revenues. addition evaluations and market portion. make new hearer demographics and implement selling schemes to spread out consciousness and popularity among both hearer and artist/record label mark sections. They besides face the challenges of cultural displacements. as genres move in and out of mainstream popularity. WFNX Strengths and Weaknesses in an Emerging Market WFNX had early success as first movers in an emerging market. They had a clear placement and connected with their niche audience. Although their evaluations were low. they had a loyal audience and good relationships with artists/record labels. enabling them to remain at the head of new music. They besides had low operating costs that allowed them to be profitable without being big or holding high market portion – disbursement less on staffing costs. licensing fees and marketing than their closest rivals. viz. WBCN. a ‘classic rock’ station that threatened to conflict on their district. They besides offered lower advertisement rates than their rivals. doing them attractive to advertizers looking to maximise value of their advertisement investing. A primary failing of WFNX was their limited range – they had lower signal strength than Stationss such as WBCN ( 3. 000 watts versus 50. 000+ ) . doing it hard for them to spread out their audience and market portio n. Changing Industry Structure and a Mature Market As alternate stone gained popularity in the mainstream. and rivals such as WBCN moved to derive a bridgehead in the genre. WFNX faced high menaces of new entrants. competition and replacements ( Porter’s 5 Forces theoretical account ) . and a displacement toward industry consolidation in the late ninetiess besides brought new challenges and competition for WFNX in a more mature market. For illustration. rival WBCN had more range and purchase and invested to a great extent in on-air personality and selling in order to outpace WFNX – finally traveling to an wholly alternate stone format and achieving the desired topographic point in Monitor as Boston’s functionary elevation stone station. WFNX struggled to go on to pull sets for their shows. as hot creative persons flocked to Stationss with more influence and signal strength such as WBCN. taking to strained relationships with some labels and less entree to the new music mercantile establishments. Additionally. afte r losing their plan manager in 1995 the station suffered from a deficiency of leading for several old ages. taking to high turnover and ill-defined strategic way. Ill received marketing efforts such as the ‘Radio Anarchy’ run increased impetus amongst their already dwindling audience and led to a steady bead in evaluations and net incomes. Strategic Options and Recommendations WFNX needed a displacement in scheme to rapidly bring forth gross and neutralize menaces. They began altering their plan format to include more top hits and popular music. but risked losing their placement and abandoning their nucleus values by making so. which could take to farther beads in evaluations for those hearers who value their strong anti-mainstream placement. They retained good callback and acknowledgment in the market. but had lost popularity to rivals. The station identified several schemes that leveraged chances to assist them recover fight and turn its market portion. While all strategic options suggested could be successful. a cardinal following measure for the station is to prioritise their enterprises and develop a timeline for execution. The station should concentrate foremost on those schemes that will instantly bring forth gross to assist prolong them in the short-run. Hiring is one country that should be a precedence enterprise – hiring and developing a c ompetent gross revenues staff to convey in new gross. happening on-air personality that can vie with WBCN’s popular Howard Stern show. every bit good as spread outing their classs of advertisement to bring forth new gross watercourses. In order to place the station for long-run success and sustainability though. WFNX should set accent on originating strategic partnerships. A recent displacement taking to a bigger market country ( including Worcester. MA and parts of New Hampshire ) provides an chance for a selling partnership or acquisition. which would increase range and broadcast power. Similarly. they should set precedence on leveraging parent company The Phoenix to maximise the impact of their selling scheme and addition synergisms between the newspaper and wireless. These schemes seem critical if WFNX hopes to take back market portion and create sustainable presence in the long-run. Last. it would be wise for the station to put in market research and to go on to distinguish themselves through strong placement and reinforced values. but these enterprises may be better suited for future execution. since the station’s placement and connexion with/loyalty from their bing audience has historically been one o f the station’s strengths. ( See optional Appendix Angstrom with full SWOT Analysis for support ) Appendix A: WFNX SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS†¢ Clear placement in the market – When asked. the station was easy recalled and recognized for their alternate music genre. despite lower evaluations than rivals. †¢ Original â€Å"founder† of alternate music – Widely recognized as the leader in their infinite. awarded â€Å"Alternative Station of the Year† by several trade magazines. and accredited by music industry critics. Known for being closest to the â€Å"street† . WFNX claimed to be a niche-marketed station that did non want to hold the mass popularity and ensuing market portion of more mainstream Stationss like WBCN. †¢ Low runing costs – The biggest costs for a typical wireless station included staffing costs. licensing fees and selling investing. WFNX spent significantly less on staffing and marketing than many of their rivals. enabling them to be profitable early on without being big or holding high market portion ( WBCN charged 2x more on personality and staffing costs ) . †¢ Attractive ( low ) advertisement rates – WFNX’s biggest rival. WBCN charged 3-6 times more for premier clip publicizing musca volitanss. | WEAKNESSES†¢ Low market portion and inconsistent evaluations – WFNX historically had low evaluations. attributed mostly to little signal ( 3. 000 watts versus 50. 000 Watts of rivals ) . but made some betterments – other possible accounts were deficiency of selling or content that was excessively â€Å"weird† for the general population’s gustatory sensation. †¢ Lack of popularity and purchase – WBCN caused moving ridges for WFNX when they registered with Monitor as an alternate station. knocking WFNX from the listed alternate station in Boston. As more Stationss switched formats. became harder for them to pull sets for their shows. as the hottest sets flocked to Stationss like WBCN with more powerful influence and signal. Besides led to strained relationships between WFNX and some labels. because the station refused to play sets that they deemed non genuinely â€Å"alternative† or as retaliation for being left off concert engagements. †¢ Poor leading and high turnover – In 1995. WFNX plan manager left and station was unsuccessful in replacing him. Besides lost some of their DJs. and in 1996 launched the â€Å"Radio Anarchy† run to raise consciousness and distinguish WFNX from other Stationss amidst their drifting audience. Unfortunately. got negative feedback and finally puttered out easy. Third PD i n three old ages resigned shortly after the run was shut down. Lacked way. steady bead in evaluations. staff turnover increasing ( 100 % gross revenues staff turnover in 1996 and 75 % in 1997 ) – staying staff worried were losing everything good about the station. | OPPORTUNITIES†¢ Bigger geographic market – ( including Worcester. Mass and New Hampshire ) means increased range through more wattage/broadcast power or strategic merger/partnership with other Stationss – ideally in Worcester. †¢ Invest in transcribers for increased reach†¢ Reinforce placement – Continue to distinguish through positioning to retain loyal hearers and pull new audiences who are tired of the bogus â€Å"alternative† stations†¢ Market research – Competitors presently puting in more market research to remain in touch with hearers and understand what they want to hear. †¢ Leverage parent company range and influence – The Phoenix Media/Communications Group reaches more people overall than any of the n ational wireless groups in Boston. See synergisms between companies and capitalise on strengths. | THREATS †¢ Industry consolidation/Changing landscape – Industry consolidation started taking topographic point in 1997. which posed important menace to independent Stationss like WFNX because big Stationss were able to offer discounted advertisement rates for all their Stationss. doing advertizers to overlook market chances and benefits from other Stationss. †¢ Rolling from nucleus values – WFNX started playing more hits and less new music. but insisted they were non rolling from their nucleus values. By altering their music to pacify ratings/market portion. WFNX risked moving in direct struggle with their nucleus values and market positioning – by concentrating on commercial success they risk estranging their audience who widely resisted all things mainstream and commercial. †¢ Threat of new entrants and challengers – As the option sound grew more popular. WFNX faced menaces from assorted rival Stationss looking to traverse over. WBCN started presenting more â€Å"alternative† music into its format shortly after the Green Day concert incident. They admitted that album-oriented stone was dead. and were ready to acquire on board the new moving ridge tendency. Several old ages subsequently. WBCN along with Stationss like WAAF and WCGY – all traditional stone Stationss – appeared to see exchanging to an wholly alternate format. but for the most portion found it non economically feasible or stable. In the terminal. it was WBCN who made the switch. after parent company Infinity purchased a authoritative stone station that would pacify their bing audience demographics. and let them to broaden and derive more grip with the younger. more â€Å"hip† audience. †¢ Loss of advertisement gross – Threat of ordinances on intoxicant advertisement